the effect of alkane on the evaporation of Tween 20/eugenol/water system
*¹Anuar K., ²Wen-Huei Lim, ¹Dzulkefly K., ³Wan Rusmawati, ⁴W.M., Hamdan S., ¹Abdul Halim A. and ¹Siang Ping Teoh
Abstract: Eugenol, a flavor, which is use in the medical and pharmaceutical products, exhibits hydroscopic property at 87%RH. As eugenol solubilise in the mixtures of Tween 20 and water system, evaporation upon this system in the presence of eugenol was conducted. Evaporation study of the system in the presence of alkanes was also been conducted in the system. Evaporation was observed to increase with the decrease of eugenol:(Tween 20-water) weight ratios. However, the evaporation of eugenol:(Tween 20-water) system increases in the presence of alkane. This increase of evaporation in addition of alkane in the system disrupted the interaction among eugenol, Tween 20 and water molecules of the association structure in the system.        

Keywords: eugenol, Tween 20, alkane, evaporation, humidity, molecular interactions.

Seasonal variation of nutrients in and around Lower long  sand, West Bengal, India
ABHIJIT MITRA,  KAKOLI BANERJEE, SUDIPTA PAL, SUBHENDU NEOGI* and D.P.  BHATTACHARYYA*
Abstract: The primary production in the marine and estuarine systems is a direct function of nitrate and phosphate concentrations, where as silica is responsible for siliceous frustules of diatoms. Spinning of  food chain in the marine and estuarine ecosystems is closely associated with the nutrient cycles.  Variations of nutrient concentrations cause disturbance in the initial stage (production stage) of the food chain as the population density of  primary producers depends on the nutrient concentrations in the ambient aquatic medium. In the Hooghly estuarine region, a seasonal variation of nutrient concentrations is noticed and it is affected by the various physico­chemical characteristics of the estuarine system like dilution factor, salinity and pH. The variation is enhanced due to monsoonal run-off from the highly urbanized city of Calcutta, Howrah and the newly developing Haldia complex. The present study of monitoring the nutrients like nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the aquatic phase was  undertaken during the period of January, 1999 to August, 1999 around the Lower Long  Sand at the confluence of the Bay of Bengal and the Hooghly river.

Key words : primary  production, nutrient concentrations, seasonal variation, physico-chemical variables.

Form factors determination for proton by using the latest data measured in the energy range of 1.0 to 10.0 GeV
N. Ghahramany,  M. Sadeghi and G. Forozani*
Abstract: Electric and magnetic form factors and then, charge distribution as well as the root-mean square of charge radius of proton have been calculated, by using Rosenbluth approach. In doing so the most recent data for e-p, elastic scattering differential cross section in the energy range of 1 to 10 GeV and momentum transfer squared range of 1 to 5 (GeV / C)² have been used. While the scaling laws of the form factors remain intact the charge density of proton is a decreasing exponential function of the radius and possesses spherical symmetry.

Key words : Form factor, Rosenbluth, Charge radius

A Study on Various Alkylsulfonate Dopants For the Electrochemical Preparation of Polypyrrole Conducting  Polymer
Anuar Kassim*,  Abdul  Halim Abdullah, Mohd. Zaki  Abd. Rahman, Zulkarnain  Zainal, Dzulkefly Kuang, Nita Salina Bte Abu Bakar, H. N. M. Ekramul Mahmud  and Hamdan Suhaimi**
Abstract: An attempt has been made to prepare polypyrrole conducting polymer doped with several alkylsulfonates with varying carbon number such as methylsulfonate (C₁), butylsulfonate (C₄), octylsulfonate (C₈) and dodecylsulfonate (C₁₂) in aqueous medium by electrochemical method. The prepared polymer films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray and elemental analysis. The conductivity of the prepared films was measured by four-probe technique. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase of carbon number of alkylsulfonate dopant. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and elemental analysis show that the alkylsulfonate dopants were incorporated to the polypyrrole structure. It has been observed from cyclic voltammetry analysis that smaller dopants produced more current, which suggests that the movement of the dopants in and out of the polymer surface is much more flexible than that of the cases for bigger dopants. It can be seen from X-ray scattering for all the polymer films that the films are amorphous since all the films exhibited broad scattering maxima in the high-angle 2q range from 20-30°.

Geochemical Characteristics of Permian Coals of Chirimiri Coalfield, Sarguja District, Chhattishgarh, India
ALOK  K. SINGH
Abstract: The Chirimiri coalfield is a member of Son valley coalfields and situated in Sarguja district of Chhattishgarh. The coal samples were collected from working coal faces of Chirimiri coalfield and were processed to know the geochemical behaviour of these coals. The proximate constituent (volatile matter , d.a.f. basis) indicate that these coals are sub-bituminous 'A' to high volatile 'B' bituminous in rank. The chemical analyses of coal were used to establish the distribution, association and relationship between major inorganic elements such as - Si, Al, Fe, Ti, P, Mg, Ca, S, Mn. The distribution of major and minor elements in coal appears to be related the amount of mineral matter occurring in coal and its mineralogical composition. The principal component of Chirimiri coals are silica and alumina. The Si/Al and Al/Ti ratios have been used to interpret the depositional environment and source. The Si /Al ratio indicates that the occurrence of high content of mixed layer clay mineral  where as Al/Ti ratio suggests that acidic igneous rocks have contributed mainly to the clastic materials occurring in association of the coal seams of Chirimiri coalfield. 

Keywords: Geochemistry, Permian coals, Chirimiri coalfield, Geochemical parameter, Chhattishgarh

A comparative study of image contrast in the confocal microscope with apodizers
HARI SEETHA
Abstract: A Comparative study of image contrast in the coherent confocal scanning microscope with both apodized collecter and objective and with apodized collector and unapodized objective has been carried out in the present work. This kind of apodization minimizes the sparrow resolution.

Keywords: Image contrast, confocal microscope, apodizer

Textural and Physical Characteristics of the Chukai River Estuarine System, Terengganu, Malaysia
KAMARUZZAMAN, B. Y., ROSNAN, Y., MOHD LOKMAN, H., SHAZILI, N. A. M. and ANTONINA, A.
Abstract: Seasonal variation of textural and physical parameters studies such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved  oxygen, light penetration and total suspended solids have been carried out. Field measurements were carried out twice during dry season (July 1992 and May 1993) and twice during rainy season (September 1992 and February 1993). Oceanographic measurements were made at 11 station along the Chukai river. In general, neither textural nor the physical parameters in the Chukai river varied significantly by the seasonal changes but only showing some relatively lower values in the non-monsoon  season compared to the monsoon season. Silt and clay contents of bottom sediment show a decrease in distance towards estuary and may indicates that the particle transport in the study area is mainly influenced by river discharge. The estuary remained marine dominated during non-monson season, whereas freshwater dominance prevailed during monsoon season. The temperature of surface and bottom waters are almost uniform or even sometimes they are identical while pH and light penetration has an inverse relationship with salinity and total suspended solids, respectively.

On Degree of Approximation of a Lipschitz function by (N,p_n) (E,1) means of its fourier series
SHYAM  LAL  and  HARE  KRISHNA NIGAM*
Abstract: In this paper, a new theorem on the degree of approximation of a function  belonging to the Lipschitz class by (N,p_n) (E,1) product means of its Fourier series has been established.

Unsteady flow through a horizontal channel : flower wall bounded by permeable material and upper being impermeable wall 
P. R.  SHARMA  and  UPENDRA  MISHRA
Abstract: Unsteady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid through a horizontal channel formed by a permeable lower wall and an impermeable upper wall is investigated. Fluid velocity expression is derived in terms of slip velocity, discussed numerically and shown through graphs. The expression of mass flow per unit width through the channel is derived, discussed numerically and values are presented through tables.

Co-ordination Polymers of Bis[N,N’-(4-Carboxy-3-hydroxy-phenylene)] 1,4-Butandiamide (CHPB)
D. R. FUDANI,  K. D. PATEL^a  and  M. V. HATHI^b
Abstract: Co-ordination polymers of  bis[N,N’-(4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylene)] 1,4-butandiamide (CHPB) have been prepared with the Zn⁺², Cu⁺², Ni⁺², Co⁺² and Mn⁺² ions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral and diffuse reflectance spectral studies and magnetic moment measurements. Molecular weight (n) of all polymers were determined by non-aqueous conductometric titration. The metal content in all polymers are found to be consistent with l:l (metal : ligand) stoichiometry. The thermal behaviour of each of the coordination polymer has been studied by TGA in air upto 500 °C.

Keywords : Co-ordination polymers, IR spectral study, Number average molecular weight, magnetic moment, TGA.

Tridentate ono Donor Azodye Comp1exes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) 
B. B. Mahapatra  and  Puspa Ray
Abstract: Azodye oomplexes of compositions (MLCl(H₂O)₂  and [M¹LCl] have been synthesized where M=Mn(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), M¹=Cd(II),  Hg(II), LH=2-(2¹-hydroxynaphthylazo)- ­5-chlorobenzophenone. The oomplexes of the first category are six-coordinated having either octahedral or distorted octahedral stereochemistry and the complexes of later category are four-coordinated with a tetrahedral geometry basing upon analytical, conductance, magnetic susceptibility , i.r., electronic, E.S.R., N.M.R and X-ray diffraction data.

Non-Newtonian fluid flow and heat transfer with a power-law viscosity past an infinite naturally permeable medium 
Dileep Singh Chauhan  and  Prem Kumar Jakhar 
Abstract: The flow past an infinite naturally permeable bed with constant suction, is investigated for a power-law fluid, together with heat transfer taking viscous heating into consideration. Velocity and temperature fields are obtained and effects of permeability of the porous bed, non-Newtonian parameter and suction parameter, on velocity and temperature distributions are discuss. 

Keywords: Naturally permeable medium, permeability, power-law fluid, viscous heating.

Steady Heat Transfer through Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates with different Permeability 
P.  R. SHARMA  and UPENDRA MISHRA
Abstract: Steady heat transfer through laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid between parallel plates of  different permeability  is  investigated. The temperature distribution is derived by using the expressions of velocity derived by Verma and Bhatt⁵, discussed numerically and shown through graph. The expressions of rate of heat transfer at the plates are derived, discussed numerically and their values are presented through table.

On the Degree of approximation of a function belonging to Lip a class by K^l– Summability means of its Fourier series 
RAGHURAJ  SINGH  and  YOGESH  SINGH* 
Abstract: In this paper a theorem on the degree of approximation  of function belonging to Lipschitz class by K^l – summability of it’s Fourier series has been proved.

Fuzzy-Rule-Based Model for water flow in unsaturated soil column 
P.A.Gajjar and P. H. Bhathawala*
Abstract: Modeling water movement in the unsaturated zone requires a great number of parameters, such as the initial water content, the saturated moisture content, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity, which can relatively easily be assessed. Other functions such as the suction head and the relative hydraulic conductivity, which are highly nonlinear functions of the actual water content are more difficult to find. Furthermore, infiltration experiments carried out at a few locations can only define these parameters at selected locations,  and  a reasonable interpolation of these parameters is extremely difficult. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based model is presented for infiltration process.

Keywords: Fuzzy Models, Soil moisture content, hydraulic conductivity.

Hydrazine derivatives of bismaleimide as epoxy curing agents 
S. V. Patel  and J. M. Daraji* 
Abstract: Hydrazine derivatives of bismaleimide (H B M) have been prepared of various phenyl hydrazine derivatives with 1,4-phenylene bismaleimide. Hydrazino derivatives of bismaleimide were prepared and employed for curing of commercial epoxy resins. The curing behaviour of commercial epoxy resin with these HBM compounds has been studied on Differential Scanning Calorimetery using 2-methyl imidazole  as  a  catalyst.   Glass  fibre reinforced composites of epoxy-HBM system have also been prepared and characterized by mechanical properties.

Analysis of 3-input exclusive NOR gate 
A.P.  Kajwadkar 
Abstract: A three input Exclusive NOR gate has been discussed and equation for the output from this gate has been derived using Demorgan's theorem. Also the application of the gate has been given.

A Fixed Point Theorem For Expansion Mappings In Quasi - Gauge Function Space 
Anil Rajput*,  A . S Saluja** and  G.P. Sharma*
Abstract: In this paper we shall prove a fixed point theorem for Housdorff sequentially complete Quasi - Gauge function space generated by family of pseudo rnetric.

Electrochemical Studies of Cd(II) and Pb(II) Complexes with L 2-amino 3-hydroxy propanoic acid at various temperature and in aqueous and non aqueous media 
Avnish  Sharma,  K.D.  Gupta and  K.K.  Saxena
Abstract: The present work describes the polarographic determination of stability constant of binary metal complexes of Cd (II) and Pb (II) with L 2-amino 3-hydroxy propanoic acid under varying temperature at 20°C, 30°C & 40°C and in various media 20% (v/v) Aqua-DMSO and Aqua-Acetonitrile. The values of overall stability constants of complexes have been calculated by Deford and Hume method. The change in thermodynamic parameter DG, DH and DS accompanying Complexation have been also evaluated at 30°C.

Expert System for District Rural Development Agency 
Vijay Athavale, R. K. Singh* and  Anil Rajput** 
Abstract: Computerised information processing is providing the basis for a new revolution towards which societies are being compelled to move, called “information revolution’. After decades of computer evolution, information processing systems are becoming an accepted factor in the success of societies.

Synthesis and characterization of lanthanide complexes with isovanillin thiosemicarbazone
 Kavita Gour 
Abstract: The Sulphur donor ligands thiosemicabazones have perhaps not received much attention in early days as received by non Sulphur donar ligands. Present article deals with complexes of La(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), and Eu(III) with the isovanillin thiosemicarbazone. All the complexes and the ligands have been characterised on the basis of analytical data, magnetic moment, spectral and thermal data. The analytical data reveal that the complex has 1:2 stiochiometry.

  
Protease activity in cotton culitivars of varied host responses after inoculation with blight bacterium 
MADIR KUMAR   and   BINAY  K.  SINHA*
Abstract: Seven different cotton cvs. having suscept and resistant responses towards Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum were studied to determine the extent of in vivo secretion and activity of  proteolytic enzyme in their leaves after 10-, 13-, 16-, 19- and 22- days of inoculation of the blight bacterium. It was apparent that susceptibility was correlated to enhanced production and activity of such enzyme in the leaves as a result of host - pathogen interaction. On the contrary, under similar conditions, weak and low level protease action was discernible during resistance. Proteases in the form of endopeptidases decompose proteins in the cell wall and protoplasm forming amino acids which may be utilised directly by the plant. or the pathogen.

Keywords : Susceptibility, resistance, proteases, xanthomonas campestris pv  malvacearum, cotton.

BI - Loops
W. B.  Vasantha   Kandasamy
Abstract: In this paper we define a new algebraic structure  called bi-loops. The bi-loops which we introduce here are non-associative structures which may find itself well placed in industries. In this paper we mainly study the algebraic aspect of bi-loops.

Polymetallic Complexes : Tetranuclear Complexes of  Mn^ll,Co^ll, Ni^ll, Cu^ll, Zn^ll, Cd^ll and Hg^ll with Formazan derivatives as Ligands 
B. B. MahaPatra and PusPa Ray 
Abstract: [Bis-(1-Phenyl-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-formazan]-diphenyl ether, a chelating bis-bidentate ligand, is capable of forming  peculiar tetrameric complexes with Co^ll, Ni^ll, Cu^ll, Mn^ll, Zn^ll, Cd^ll, and Hg^ll ions. The complexes have been characterised on the basis of elemental analysis, conductance, magnetic susceptibility, i.r., electronic, e.s.r., n.m.r. spectral data. Co^ll,Cu^ll, Mn^ll complexes are either octahedral or distorted octahedral, Ni^ll complex square planar and Zn^ll, Cd^ll and Hg^ll complexes are tetrahedral.

Petro-Chemical behaviour and potential utilization of the coal deposits of yellandu coalfield, andhra pradesh (India)
Alok  K.  Singh  
Abstract: Yellandu coalfield is situated outside the western margin of Pranhita-Godavari basin. These coal deposits are Permian in age and coal seams occur in association of Barakar sandstones. In present paper an attempt has been made to study the petro-chemistry of Yellandu coals and based on petrographic and geochemical properties their utilization has been discussed.

Common Fixed Point Theorem in Banach space 
R. K. Namdeo  and Sarika Jain 
Abstract: In this paper, we obtain a common fixed point theorem for three selfmaps in a Banach space which extends the results of Abboui¹ and Rhoades³.