Abstract of Volume 17 (3) 2005

Effect of buffer layer in a four layered metal-clad planar optical waveguide
Sandhya Patel and R.A. Singh
Abstract: The fairly large differential attenuation between TE and TM mode is utilized to fabricate various kinds of optical polarizers. The present investigation studies the effect of buffer layer in a four layered metal-clad planar optical waveguide. It is observed that the attenuation increases with increase in the thickness of buffer layer.
Key words: Metal-clad waveguide, buffer layer, attenuation.

Application of Numerical Methods for Stability Analysis of Dez-Ghomroud Tunnel (Case Study)
G.R. Khanlari^a and A.R. Abbasfam^b
Abstract: This paper deals with the application of numerical methods for a stability analysis of the Dez-Ghomroud Tunnel. The study area is located 25 km southwest of Aligodarz City Lurestan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Numerical methods are the best methods for stability analysis, particularly in tunneling. From an engineering geology point of view and rock engineering, assessment of rock mass properties, slope stability problems and design of support systems for tunnels are very important.
In order to study the engineering geology problems related to this project, Numerical Methods were used. In this regard, both ROCLAB and UNWEDGE programs are employed. For more convenience, the route of tunnel was divided into six different zones. The results of theoretical and experimental analysis show that in the zones Z1, Z2 and Z6 under the condition K=1, the rock mass strength is lower than tangent stresses. This means that the tunnel is unstable in these zones.
Numerical stability analysis shows that the amount of overall displacement under the condition K=1 has sufficient worth for hard rock masses, but in soft rock masses, particularly in zones Z1, Z2 and Z6 the amount of displacement is high and it will cause overall instability of the tunnel. Therefore, design and installation of support systems for these zones are necessary.
The results of stability analysis by UNWEDGE 2.1 show that in the hard rock masses through the tunnel route, wedge failure will occur. So, installation of local support is necessary. It is suggested that in unstable zones, with consolidation and injection grouting methods it will be possible to fill the space between the lining and tunnel walls.
Key words: Stability, Tunnel, Numerical methods, Rock mass, Wedge failure.

Chemical and Structural Properties of Modified Jordanian Zeolite and Its Use in Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution
Salem M. Musleh*, Rushdi Yousef1 and Abdul Aziz Amro
Abstract: Native Jordanian Zeolitic tuff, rich in Phillipsite, was treated with oxalic and salicylic acids. The chemical and structural properties of the tuff and their oxalic and salicylic acids admixtures were studied using SEM, XRF, XRD, and FTIR techniques. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to investigate heavy metals concentrations in aqueous solutions after treatment with acid admixtures. The oxalic and salicylic acid treatment has not affected the mineral constitution of the Zeolitic tuff. The results revealed that oxalic and salicylic acid were linked by hydrogen bonding through OH moiety to the zeolite substrate. Studies were made on the effect of modification, on Zeolitic tuffs capacity to adsorb heavy metals at different pH from aqueous medium. In both batch and continuous flow systems. The selected metals were Pb2+, Zn2+,Cu2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+. Modification with salicylic acid increase adsorbtivity of Zeolitic tuff while oxalic acid increase adsorption capacity of Zeolitic tuff for Pb2+ only.
Key words: Heavy metals, Adsorption, Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid and Jordanian zeolite.

Onchocerciasis in Ekiti, a state in south western Nigeria
S.O. Adewole
Abstract: This paper describe an attempt to measure the amount of transmission of Onchocerciasis taking place in a forest environment in Ekiti State. The biting cycle, its infective biting density and transmission potential were estimated under natural conditions and some of the factors influencing these indices were considered.
The results were based on the dissection of 27,050 wild Simulium damnosum out of 41,250 specimens caught during one year at Epe forest community in Ekiti State. The prevalence of infective flies (17.5%) and the parous flies with developing infection (39.9%) together with nulliparous are substantially capable of transmitting heavy load of microfilaria in the community. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) of weather effect on both
infective flies and the developing infected flies. Also, there was a significant difference (P < 0.0 5) between the biting cycle of nulliparous and parous flies. There was a decrease in the total population of flies due to larvicidal control and consequently, a considerable reduction of transmission. Possible eradication of the disease were also highlited1.
Key words : Dissection, Infection/Infective larvae, microfilaria, Nulliparous/parous flies, Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis, Simulium spp. And Transmission.

*Electroanalytical analysis of mercury - glutamic acid interaction in acetate buffers
N. Venkatathri*
Abstract: Adsorption of the product of electrolysis at high positive potentials +0.6V vs SCE) at the electrode surface effectively blocks the available
area hindering the dissolution of mercury from the surface. This is the cause for the fall in limiting current of dc polarograms. Since supporting electrolyte (acetate buffer) itself interacts with mercury, the mercurysupporting electrolyte (Hg - acetate) current is always suprerimposed on the Hg-amino acid interaction current. Hence whether amino acid is present or not there will be the current of Hg-acetate interaction leading to the intercept on the current axis of the plot of Ip or Id vs [glutamic acid]. Process A of mercury - glutamic acid interaction correspond to mercuric mercury complex formation, Hg° + (glu) « Hg2+ (glu) and process B to be mercurous mercury complex formation, Hg° + (glu) « Hg22+ (glu). Process C is the result of mercury - acetate interaction. With increasing pH half wave potentials and peak potentials are pushed to more negative (i.e. less positive) values indicating the facile nature of the process in the presence of decreasing [H+]. This positively proves that the highly ionic species of the amino acid is involved in the interactions.
Key words: Glutamic acid, dc and ac polarography, cyclic voltammetry

Synthesis and Properties of Copolyesters derived from 2-(N-piperidino)-4,6-bis-(naphthoxy-3-carbonyl chloride)-s-triazine with various diols
P. M. PATEL
Abstract: Several copolyesters were synthesised by polycondensation of 2-(N-piperidino)-4,6-bis-(naphthoxy-3-carbonyl chloride)-s-triazine (PNCCT) with various aromatic diols such as bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-C (BPC), bisphenol-S (BPS), and phenolphthalein (Ph). The yield of copolyesters varies from 58 to 72 %. Copolyesters are soluble in methylated solvents such as dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol etc. The reduced viscosity for copolyesters, determined with 1 g/dl solution in dimethyl formamide at 25 ± 3 °C was found to be in the range 0.430-0.610 dl/g. The densities of the copolyesters, determined using the suspension method at 25 ± 3 °C, range between 1.166-1.203 g/cm3. All the copolyesters were characterised and studied by IR spectra. The thermal stability of copolyesters, based on various temperature characteristic, was found to decrease in the following order:

X- ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies on Some Cobalt(II) Complexes
MANEESH DAVE and ASHUTOSH MISHRA
Abstract: X-ray absorption fine structure studies of some cobalt(II) complexes have been done using Seifert X-ray generator and Cauchois type bent crystal X-ray spectrograph of 0.4 m radius. It has been shown that the graphical method used, gives useful information about the bond length and also the environment of the absorbing atom. The phase parameters of the first coordination shell a1 and b1 provide valuable information about the forward and back scattering atoms, respectively and the total phase shift d gives an idea about the periodicity of the X-ray absorption fine structure. It has also been shown that the periodicity is affected by the presence of different ligands in cobalt (II) complexes under study.

Geochemistry of metabasites from north of Shahrekord, Sanandaj - Sirjan Zone, Iran
A. R. Davoudian Dehkordi
Abstract: Metabasites are exposed in north of Shahrekord that it is a part of structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan. The studied area is located in southwestern Iran. The metabasites is composed mainly eclogites, amphibolites and garnet - amphibolites. We conducted a geochemical study of metabasites in order to determine their protolith nature and geodynamic setting. The whole rock chemistry indicates basalt to basaltic andesite composition for the metabasites. Immobile trace elements such as Zr, Y and Ti suggest that the metabasites are derived from tholeiitic basalt belong to the MORB tectonic setting. This is consistent with the result of the AFM plot, which indicates a tholeiitic composition for all the metabasite. REE patterns confirm the trace element results, with a typical pattern for the MORB - type metabasites.
Key words : metabasite, geochemistry, MORB, Sanandaj -Sirjan Zone

Electron-Electron Interactions and the Electrical Resistivity of Alkali Metals at Low Temperatures
O.N. Awasthi1 and V.K. Pundhir2
Abstract: The electron-electron interactions in alkali metals have been re-examined keeping in view the recent developments. The contribution of the electron-electron umklapp scattering processes in the electrical resistivity of alkali metals at low temperatures has been evaluated using a simplified spherical Fermi surface model with isotropic transition probability. Our values of the electrical resistivity so obtained compare fairly well with the experimental results as well as with the theoretical estimates of MacDonald et al (1981) for sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Our theoretical values for lithium also compare very well with the experimental results when we take into account the effect of phase change in lithium at low temperatures.
PACS Nos. : 61.25 Mv, 34.80, 72.10.Bg
Key words : electrical resistively, e-e interactions, temperature dependence

Optical and mechanical properties of structural variations in cold drawn perlon fibers
I.H Al-Ahdali*
Abstract: In the present work nylon 6 (perlon) fibers were stretched at room
temperature. The Pluta polarizing interference microscope with a micro-strain device was used for measuring some optical and mechanical parameters of the fibers. The values of the fully oriented refractive indices n1 and n2 were found to be 1.630 and 1.561. The generalized Lorentz-Lorenz equation given by de Vries was used to determine structural parameters of the fibers. Comparison between Herman’s optical orientation function formula and the corrected formula by de Vries are given. The changes in the molecular orientation were evaluated to obtain the values of orientation functions f2 (q) f4 (q), f6 (q)< P4 (cos q) > and < P4 (cos q)>. In addition, the Shrinkage stress was found to increase with increase of the draw ratio. The dielectric constant, the dielectric susceptibility and the number of moles of network chains per unit volume were also calculated. Microinterferograms and curves are given for illustration.
Key words: Material properties, Refractive indices, Optical Parameters

Dielectric Constant and Moisture Content of Old and Fresh Snow
G.P. Shrivastava* and Manisha Gupta+
Abstract: Dielectric constant and conductivity are the electrical properties of snow. Dielectric constant depends on moisture content and the density of snow. It is established fact that the density of old snow is more and less in case of fresh snow, depending mainly on conductivity or permeablity of the snow pack, which in turn is affected by sintering, particle size, ice layers and depth hoar. It is also known that the thermal conductivity of snow, even when dense is very low compared to that of ice or liquid water, therefore snow is a good insulator. Dielectric and moisture content measurements have been carried out for old and fresh snow at varying temperatures. It has been found that dry snow melts sharply above 4oC whereas fresh snow melts gradually.
Dielectric constant of old snow has been found to be greater than fresh snow. Wet snow contains air, water and ice. If liquid water is present, its free energy is still related to the curvature of the liquid surface but the equilibrium temperature is no longer fixed at ice point. Below -0.01oC, the effects of liquid water on the free energy are negligible.
Key words: Dielectric Constant, moisture content; old & fresh snow.

Polyurethanes based on respropiophenone
K. D. Patela, D.J. Desaia, V. A. Patela, Y. S. Tilaka and Bharat Z. Dholakiyab
Abstract: Polyurethanes were prepared by condensation of respropiophenone (RPP) with various diisocyanates. Elemental analysis, IR spectral study, and molecular weight characterized the resultant Polyurethanes (PUs) by non-aqueous conductometric titration and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Key words: Respropiophenone, Tolylene diisocyanate, Thermogravimetric analysis, polyuretane

A study of shielding effectiveness in various materials using PHOTCOEF
M. A. Basith1 and M.A. Hye Chowdhury2
Abstract: Human beings are relentlessly exposed to background radiation from such sources as cosmic rays from space, radon from the soil, and naturally
occurring radioactive materials inside their bodies. It is impossible to defend people from sources of background radiation scattered throughout the environment. However, when a source of radiation is concentrated and confined in a small area, the radiation dose, people receive from that source can be limited and controlled by the use of carefully planned structures and procedures. Of the three basic principles of external radiation protection (time, distance, and shielding) shielding is generally the preferred method because it results in intrinsically safe working conditions, whereas reliance on distance and time of exposure, involve continuous administrative control over workers. In this paper, the computer simulation programme PHOTCOEF is used to investigate the shielding effectiveness in various materials. The shielding effectiveness of ordinary concrete, ilmenite-magnetite concrete, lead and borated paraffin with various thickness is studied using energy range 0.1 MeV-10 MeV. The total attenuation coefficient, build up factor and transmission factor of these materials are evaluated. The shielding effectiveness of three borated paraffin materials with different compositions is studied systematically. This study reveals that the presence of a higher percentage of a proprietary additive reduces the scattered radiation and hence the build up factor. The results of this study also indicate that the shielding material ilmenite-magnetite concrete is the cost effective in the construction of large volume shields for gamma photon shielding.
Key words : Shielding, Ilmenite-Magnetite concrete, Ionizing radiation, Build up factor.

Long-term relationship between solar flares and cosmic ray intensity variation
UMAKANT SHARMA, V.K. RASTOGI* and PANKAJ K. SHRIVASTAVA**
Abstract: The relationship of the long-term variation of the Climax and Huancanyo neutron monitors cosmic ray intensity and solar flare index have been investigated for the period of 1986 to 2004. Monthly values of cosmic ray percent deviation and solar flares index (weightage) have been used in the correlative analysis. Negative and high correlations are found between CRI and SFI for most of the years. Whereas, the positive correlation observed during the minimum solar
activity years.

Study on the Post-treatment status of Painting Industry Effluent
Subhas Banerjee, Sutapa Das* and Abhijit Mitra**
Abstract: The wastes produced from the dye and dye-intermediates contain toxic and hazardous substances and are not acceptable to the recipient environment if released in an uncontrolled manner. The present study highlights the characteristics of the generated from a paint processing unit in the eastern region of India. The effluent is subjected to several treatment processes to alter the parameters in relation to ambient environment. Very encouraging results were obtained by adopting pure oxygen based activated sludge treatment technique as BOD and COD values were reduced by 90-95% and 79-80% respectively. It has removed the toxic and hazardous substances to a considerable level and thus satisfied MINUS norms of discharge in the public sewer.

Solvent Effect on Electronic Spectra of 4-Methyl-2-Nitro & 2,3 DiMethyl-6-Nitro Anilines
B. S. Yadav#, Nitin Kumar and Seema*
Abstract: Ultravoilet spectra in various polar solvents have been recorded in the region 190-400nm. The effect of solvent on electronic transitions of molecules 4-Methyl-2-Nitro Aniline & 2,3 DiMethyl-6-Nitro Aniline is explained.

Electroanalytical analysis of interaction of mercury with Aspartic acid in acetate buffers
N. Venkatathri
Abstract: Adsorption of the product of electrolysis at high positive potentials (+0.6V vs SCE) at the electrode surface effectively blocks the available area hindering the dissolution of mercury from the surface. This is the cause for the fall in limiting current of dc polarograms. Process A of mercury - aspartic acid interaction correspond to mercuric mercury complex formation, Hg° + (asp) « Hg2+ (asp) and process B to be mercurous mercury complex formation, Hg° + (asp) « Hg2+ (asp). Process C is the result of mercury - acetate interaction.
Key words: Aspartic acid, acetate buffer, ac, dc polarography, cyclic voltammetry.

The effect of overtaking disturbances on the motion of plane and cylindrical hydromagnetic strong shocks in uniform medium
R.K. Anand and S. Kumar*
Abstract: Effects of overtaking disturbances behind the flow, on the motion of strong diverging plane and cylindrical shock waves in an infinitely electrically conducting ideal gas in presence of an axial magnetic field (Hz0 = constant), have been included to improve the accuracy of CCW method. Analytical
expressions for flow variables have been obtained. Their numerical estimates have been computed and compared with results describing so called free propagation. A good agreement between similarity solutions and modified results has been obtained in this study.

Key words : Hydromagnetic shocks; Effects of Overtaking Disturbances; Constant axial magnetic field (Hz0 = const.).

Physico-chemical Studies in Binary Complexes of 3-Amino-2-methyl quinazoline-4-(-3-H)-one with Cu, Ni, and Zn
M. P. Wadekar and A. R. Raut
Abstract: The interaction of 3-amino-2-methyl quinazoline-4-(-3-H)-one with Cu, Ni and Zn have been studied potentiometrically at ionic strength 0.15 M KNO3 and at different temperatures (± 0.1°C) in 80% v/v dioxane-water media. 3-Amino-2-methyl quinazoline-4-(-3-H)-one forms 1:1 complexes with Cu, Ni and Zn metals. The observed values of formation constants of binary complexes and pK values was used to verify the relation log K± a pK + b.

The theoretical study of effective aperture and radiation resistance of ring micro-strip antenna
Raj Kumar Tiwari and Ambikesh Tripathi
Abstract: The ring micro-strip antennas are one of the most popular antenna types, since they are lightweight, have simple geometries, are inexpensive to fabricate and can be easily made conformal to the host body. In the present theoretical investigation regarding Ring Micro-strip antenna we have investigated the expression for the effective area and Radiation resistance for loss-less Ring Micro-strip antenna.

Key words : Patch Radius, Effective aperture, Radiation Resistance.

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