Comparison of introduction rates of defects produced in various silicon diodes after proton and gamma irradiation
M. Ahmed¹, S. J. Watts², Andrew Holmes-Siedle², J. Matheson² and M. A. H. Chowdhury¹
Abstract  : Various diodes of different processing and manufacturer were studied using Deep Level Transient Technique (DLTS) after proton and gamma irradiation. Various defects observed in proton and gamma irradiated samples were differed only in the relative concentrations. The cluster-related defects didn't observed after gamma irradiations and only the impurity-related defects were observed with gamma radiation. The defect introduction rates were compared for various materials. The defect introduction rates at the Sintef standard diode was found to smaller compared to other diodes. Therefore the Sintef standard diode is more radiation hard. It is found that the radiation hardness is dependent on the processing of the diodes.
Key words: Silicon Diodes, Defect concentration, Radiation damage, Annealing, DLTS

An Electroanalytical Study of Complexes of Cd (II) with some Amino Acids and L-Aspargin at DME
Kana Ram Jangid and C. P. Singh Chandel*
Abstract : The stability constants of mixed ligand complexes of Cd(II) with some amino acids and L-Aspargin have been reported polarographically. Deford and Hume^,s method is used to calculate the stepwise formations constants of simple systems ( Cd-amino acids and Cd-L-aspargin) while the stability constants of mixed complexes have been evaluated by the method of Schaap & McMasters. The reduction of Cd(II) ion is found to be reversible and diffusion controlled, involving two electrons in each case. The statistical and electrostatic effects have also been discussed by using these stability constants. The mixing constant (K_M) and stabilization constant (K_S) were measured for comparative study of simple and mixed ligand complexes.
Key words : Amino Acids, L- Aspargin, Cd(II), Reduction.

Optical absorption of Manganese phthalocyanine thin films in the UV-Vis and med-IR regions
A. Faidah
Abstract : The optical absorption of thermally evaporated Manganese phthalocyanine (MnPe) in the UV-Vis and med IR regions were investigated. The infrared absorption (IR) spectra for MnPc powder and for asdeposited and annealed films were measured. The spectra allow characterization of vibrational modes in a spectral range of 500-1600 cm^-1. The absorption spectra recorded in the UV-Vis region for the as deposited and annealed films showed two well-defined absorption bands of phthalocyanine molecule, namely the Soret band (B) and the Q-band. Some of the important optical absorption parameters such as the molar extinction coefficient, e_molar, the oscillator strength, f, and the electric dipole strength of the principle optical transitions are evaluated. The fundamental and the onset energy gaps for the as deposited and annealed films are estimated.
Key words: MnPc thin film; FTIR spectra; optical absorption.

Numerical simulation of the internal vibrations of oh group in amino-salicylic acids
Y.P. SINGH* and R.A. SINGH^b
Abstract : Our present work reports the IR spectra of amino substituted salicyclic Acids recorded by FTIR spectrometer and also simulated theoretically. The simulation were performed using GF matrix and AM1, PM3, DFT method. In this work following steps were taken: optimizing the geometry, computing the IR spectra and comparing it with experimental spectra. Assuming C_s point symmetry, vibrational assignments for the observed frequencies have been proposed. The spectra exhibit distinct features originating from low frequency vibrational modes caused by intra-molecular motion.
Key words : Amino salicylic acids FTIR spectra, vibrational spectra, AM1, PM3, DFT,G-F Matrix.

Effect of moisture on d.c. conductivity of polyaniline composite films
A. Ayisha Begam¹, Rugmini Radhakrishnan¹ and K. Premnazeer²*
Abstract : Conductive Polyaniline-PMMA composite films have been prepared by solution casting technique onto well-cleaned glass substrates. Metal - Polymer composite - Metal sandwich structure was used to measure the d.c. conductivity of unannealed and annealed polyaniline - PMMA composite films in the temperature range of 303-373 K. Presence of moisture enhances the conductivity by one to three orders in the unannealed films compared to annealed films. The effect of moisture on d.c conductivity and the moisture expulsion range (340-360 K) were discussed.
Key words: polyaniline composite, effect of moisture, dc conductivity, annealing.

Elemental data investigation in Pyrite structured minerals by X-RF & AASPM
R.K. GEDAM* and D.K. KULKARNI**
Abstract : Fifteen samples were collected from Malanjkhand^1,2 open cast mine of Balghat district of Madhya Pradesh and field area of Bhimsen Killa Pahar^3,4 of Bhandara district of Maharshtra State. These minerals were analyzed for elemental investigation of minerals by X-RF⁵ and AASPM⁶ methods to trance the major, minor and associated minerals. The major elements distributions are interpreted in terms of mineralogical variation- pyrite structured⁸ i.e. chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and aresenopyrite (FeAsS) are largely responsible for copper, iron, arsenic and sulphur. Based on standard elements, the major elements Cu,Fe,As,S and Si are thought to be mainly present in the samples which were recognized as chalcopyrite and aresenopyrite. The element which are associated with samples are trace elements such as Al,Pb,Ca,Mg and Zn. The samples are dissolved in aqua regia, transformed into chlorides, dried and dissolved in nitric acid. The solutions are analyzed and the intensities of the CuK_a and FeK_a, AsK_a lines respectively are measured. Well-analyzed samples serve as standards¹¹. The intensity is proportional to the standard of copper, iron, arsenic and sulphur. So the samples were found as pyrite structured minerals.
Key words: X-RF; AASPM; Chalcopyrite; Arsenopyrite; major elements; Minerals.

Anharmonic properties of Cesium Halides
Deepak Rawat, I. A. Khan, Sadhna Singh* and N.K. Gaur**
Abstract  : The Anharmonic properties of mixed halide crystals are investigated using a three-body interaction potential. This includes the prediction of third order elastic constant (TOEC), Fourth order elastic constant (FOEC) and pressure derivatives of second order elastic constant (SOEC) and third order elastic constant (TOEC). The Agreement between experimental and theoretical results is, generally good. The inclusion of Anharmonic terms in the potential might lead to further improvements.

Key words: Third order elastic constant (TOEC), Fourth order elastic constant (FOEC), First order pressure derivatives of second order elastic constant (PDSOEC) and First order pressure derivatives of third order elastic constant (PDTOEC).

Effect of Dye Concentration on Nitrogen Laser Threshold Pump Intensity in Six Rigid and Non-Rigid Coumarin Dyes A.K. Sharma
Abstract : The effect of dye concentration on N₂-laser threshold exciting intensity in rigid dyes (C-480 and C-540A) and non-rigid dyes (C-440, C-460, C-485 and C-500) dissolved in ethanol has been studied by Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) technique under pulsed N₂-laser excitation. The dye concentrations used were in the range 10^-5M to 10^-2M. The results were interpreted on the basis of molecular dye structures, excited state absorption and twisted intra-molecular charge transfer.
Key words : Optical gain, N₂-laser, molecular spectroscopy, luminescence.

Thermal Degradation Studies of Terpolymer Derived from 2,4- Dihydroxyacetophenone, Dithiooxamide and Formaldehyde
S.S. RAHANGDALE¹, A.B. ZADE¹ and W.B. GURNULE²*
Abstract : The tercopolymer resins have been synthesized by the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone with dithiooxamide and formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCl as a catalyst and with varying molar proportions of reactants. Thermal studies of the resins have been carried out to determine their mode of decomposition apparent activation energy, order of reaction, frequency factor, entropy change, free energy change and apparent entropy change. Freeman - Carroll and Sharp - Wentworth method have been applied for the calculation of kinetic parameters while the data from the Freeman-Carroll method have been used to determine various thermodynamics parameters. The order of thermal stabilities of tercopolymers has been determined using TGA.

Characterization of Radionuclides in Rocks and Sediments of Ikogosi Warm Spring in Southwest Nigeria
M.O. Isinkaye¹ * and I.R. Ajayi²
Abstract : Rock and sediment samples were collected around Ikogosi warm spring (southwestern Nigeria) for characterization of the naturally occurring radionuclides by gamma ray spectrometric measurements using a highly sensitive HpGe detector. With the exception of two isotopes, the main radionuclides analyzed in the samples were the progenies of Uranium-238 and Thorium-232. The other two isotopes were the naturally occurring, none series potassium-40 and Uranium-235, which belong to the actinium decay series.
K-40 has mean activity concentrations of 585.495±17.395Bq/kg and 113.886± 5.564Bq/kg for rock and sediment samples respectively. From 226Ra and its progenies, the total mean activity measured is 290.861±44.253Bq/kg for rocks and 77.672±19.366Bq/kg for sediments while 228Ac and its progenies have a total mean of 247.607±16.171Bq/kg for rock samples and 97.581±10.511Bq/kg for sediment samples. Uranium-235 contributes a total mean activity concentration of 8.425±0.780Bq/kg and1.314±0.316Bq/kg for rock and sediment samples respectively.
The elevated levels of uranium and thorium isotopes could be attributed to the high monazite content in the rock samples of the study area. The average values of each of the radionuclides detected in rock samples were far more than those measured in the sediment samples.

Ethnobotanical observations in the Sagar region of central India with reference to species of the genus Chlorophytum Ker-Gawl
A. K. Baronia* and A. S. Mishra**
Abstract : Chlorophytum Ker-Gawl. genus based ethnobotanical survey of the Sagar region was conducted at different forest sites revealed that three species namely C. arundinaceum Baker, C. tuberosum Baker and C. borivilianum Sant. & Fern. are naturally found in the Sagar region whereas one specie C. comosum (Thunb.) Jacq. is restricted to botanical garden of the university and private nurseries only. This study has shown the typical man-nature relationship and religious medico-magic beliefs of the tribal people with musli plants.
Key words: Ethnobotany, Chlorophytum sp., safed musli, medicinal plant.

Jojoba oil as a non-conventional source of high potential lubricant
G.K. Sandha¹ and V.K. Swami²
Abstract : One of the biggest challenges today is to develop universal biodegradable base fluid, which could replace conventional mineral oil base fluid as a new generation ecofriendly lubricant. Jojoba oil with special chemistry like, high Flash and Fire Points along with low Pour Point, offers a potential environment friendly and renewable resource for replacing some of the constituents of petroleum which are used for non-energy application eg. as lubricants. Blending of Jojoba oil even in a small quantity with other petroleum lubricants, can improve the quality of the lubricant, being used especially for high speed machinery or machinery operating at high temperature and pressures. In addition to conservation of base stock, use of Jojoba Oil as a component with other mineral oils will help either in reducing the dosage or totally eliminating the conventional additives presently being used to impart these characteristics to the lubricating oil formulations.

Antibacterical and phytochemical study of Ageratum conyzoids against flacherie of Bombyx mori
Devendra Pratap Singh¹ L.N. Dubey² Brajesh Sahu³ and B.K. Mishra⁴
Abstract :Ageratum conyzoides commonly called as goat weed (Koobhi in hindi), is a native of South America now well naturalized throughout India. Very common in wastelands, roadsides and cultivated fields. Its roots and leaves are used as antilithic and styptic respectively. Juice is used as a lotion for eyes and used in diarrhoea, dysentery, colic with flatulence and other gastrointestinal ailments. Leaves yield essential oil and used for flavouring tobacco. The leaves commonly used for haemorrhoids, wounds and sores. The extract shows antibacterial activity against flacherie of 2^nd and 3^rd instar larvae of Silk moth Bombyx mori L. (The Bacterial diseases affecting silkworm are collectively known as flacherie due to flaccid nature).
Key words : Antibacterial activity, silkworm, Ageratum conyzoids, larvae.

Alteration mapping using decorrelation stretching on ASTER data A case study: Takab area, NW Iran
Rastmanesh¹, Fatemeh and Moore¹* Farid
Abstract : Takab geothermal basin is a significant mineralized zone in Iran. Beside Zarshuran, which is an important Au-As mine, other deposits and prospects of Au-Sb-Hg-As mineralization occur in Takab area. These deposits are characterized by producing of alteration haloes. In this study alteration mapping using ASTER data is evaluated for determination of potentially toxic metal (PTMs) sources. Decorrelation stretching process using spectral characteristics of argillic and silicic alteration zones, could successfully map these sources. The results show that alteration mapping beside exploration and geological purposes can also serve to determinate PTMs sources. Hence alteration mapping is a useful approach in large scale environmental studies.
Key words : ASTER, Decorrelation stretching, Alteration mapping, Takab, Iran.

Study of Transmittance and Quantum Efficiency of Alkali Halide crystals
*Raj Kumar, D. N. Pandey and S. R. Shukla
Abstract : In this paper we have studied theoretically the variation of transmittance and quantum efficiency with wavelength in the spectral range of 53.6 to 174.4 nm for various photocathode materials (CsI, KI and KBr) for different thickness.

Catalytic Condensation of aromatic aldehydes with acetone on Zn/Al hydrotalcite (II)
MATAR M. AL-ESAIMI
Abstract : Hydrotalcite(HTs)- like compound containing Zinc/Aluminum was synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The resulting products have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The aldol- condensation between acetone with various aromatic aldehydes (such as benzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4- methoxy benzaldehyde in sealed tube were studied in presence of hydrotalcite under solvent free conditions without the occurrence of any self condensations. The catalytic activity of the hydrotalcite for the aldol- condensation reaction of different aromatic aldehydes is in the following order nitrobenzaldehyde > benzaldehyde > p-chlorobenzaldehyde, > 4- methoxy benzaldehyde.
Key words: Hydrotalcite, aldol condensation, benzaldehydes, acetone, anionic clays,

Knowledge management : of strategy & numbers
Rosanna Iembo* and Chong Ming Lin**
Abstract : Francis Bacon's famous aphorism said, Knowledge is Power. Benjamin Franklin said, Time is Money. Given limited life time, how to manage knowledge is becoming a more important matter in this knowledge explosion era. The so-called "Knowledge" is mostly found or developed by human beings. Different civilizations look at knowledge from different way. Given different opinion about knowledge, but people all starting to agree, that knowledge is a "soft power" and also a "real property". We all know how to pursue money, and find financial experts help to manage our properties. But few of us realize that knowledge should be managed like property, with much more complexity than tangible assets and head-counting. In this paper, the authors like to propose two new ways to study the art and the math of managing knowledge, by using existing strategy like Sunzi's "Art of War" and by borrowing the knowledge of handling numbers, In number systems, there are positive, negative, fractional, irrational, real and imaginary ….numbers. For similar reasons, we like to treat knowledge with similar characteristics. By using the existing wisdom of strategy and deep understand of mathematical numbers, we think that if we use our understand of strategy and number to understand different types of knowledge, then we will have better understanding of knowledge types and more systematical ways to manage knowledge as we manage different types of numbers and battlefield situations as analyzed by Sunzi in his classical book, "Art of War'.
Key words : Sunzi Art of War, Bacon's Method of Listing, Complex Numbers, Irrational Numbers.

Impact of Physico-chemical characteristics of water on Algal diversity in case of river Varuna at Varanasi
Anil Kumar Gupta and Bishwas Ray
Abstract : The physico-chemical characteristics with special reference to phytoplanktons in Varuna river, passing through Varanasi (U.P., India) were investigated for a period of one year i.e. from April 2006 to March 2007. Algal and water samples were collected at monthly intervals from five study sites of the river. The study was performed to document relationships among nutrient concentrations with phytoplankton distribution and composition. From the results, it is evident that the Varuna river resulted in eutrophication with high values of BOD, COD, chloride, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate and free CO₂. It has been observed that, members of chlorophyceae dominated the river and besides this, members of Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae were also found. Over all 39 Algal species have been reported. The river is badly polluted by untreated domestic sewage, pesticides, run-off water and small scale industrial wastes discharged into the river.
Key Words: Algal biodiversity, Pesticides, Phytoplankton, Varuna river.

Reflector Antenna Tolerance Determination by Gain Measurement
Niraj Singh* and Virendra Singh
Abstract : To predict the loss of Gain of antenna due to surface deviation which are not distributed uniformly over the aperture, an extension of Ruze Theory was presented. It is found that the assumption of uniform error distribution, in general underestimated the axial gain of antenna, whose surface deviation have regional variations over aperture. This effects becomes significantly only when the surface deviation cannot be considered small as compared to the wavelength. Furthermore, it is found that the assumption of a uniform distribution of error may have a significant effect on predicted scatter even when surface deviation are not large. Assuming that the deviations from uniform distribution are also random, a correction term to theory is also presented.
Key words : microwage radiation/paraboloidal reflector antenna/antenna tolerance/radiation pattern/aperture field distribution/focal waveguide feed).

Measure and identification of acoustic impulse responses by NLMS-DC
M. Mekarzia¹, M. Guerti² and A. Guessoum³
Abstract : In this work, we have the practical results for a realization of a system of measurement of acoustic impulse responses. The realization of a measuring bench makes it possible to measure the acoustic impulse response of a room with a dynamics of 48 dB by the method of identification by inter correlation of the signals tests. The latter proved to be better than the identification by the algorithm of the stochastic gradient with decreasing step (NLMS-DC) especially for the identification of impulse responses in the noised mediums.
Key words : Impulse response, acoustic Channel, Intercorrelation, adaptive Algorithm, Identification, Acoustics.

Determination of Stability Constants of Be (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) & Mn (II) Complexes of hydroxy Amino Acid
Amalendu Misra and Satyendra Singh
Abstract : An innovative solution electrophoretic technique has been used for the study of Serine complexes of some bivalent metal ions Be (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Mn (II). The method is based on electromigration of metal ions in electrophoretic tube which thermostated under electrical potential which is applied between two plates. The plot of pH, vs. absorbance difference is used in drawing the conclusion of formation of metal complexes. The present work reports our observations on Be (II)/Pb (II)/Cd (II)/Mn (II) - Serine complexes.

Variation of convective loss cone instability (LCI) in magnetic mirror
A.K. Anila*, Sivadasan Thirumagalath, P. sethumadhavan*, G. Renuka and Molly Issac
Abstract : The loss cone instability growth rate expression is established. Computational work on the growth rate was carried out. The variation of growth rate of LCI with thermal velocity and loss cone index was studied and found to be in good agreement with other works. It was established the instability will arise only if j ³ 3.

Vacuum-to-Vacuum Transition Amplitude using Path Integral Quantization and Fenman Rules For Scalar Fields
Laila Abdulaziz Al-Khattabi
Abstract :The quantization of the field by path integral quantization enable as to find the propagator of scaler or Spinor field. The vacuum-to-vacuum transition amplitude could be represented diagrammatically in terms of Feynmam diagrams we found that there is agreement between the diagrammatic representation statistically and the integrated result in the n-point functions for free field theory.

Heat Transfer Enhancement Between Impinging Circular Air Jet and Flat Plate using Cubical Finned Surfaces
R.E. SHELKE^*1 and L.B. BHUYAR²
Abstract : An experimental investigation is performed to study the effect of the finned (rough) surface on the local heat transfer coefficients between the impinging circular air jet and flat plate. Reynolds number is varied between 7000 and 30000 based on the nozzle exit condition and jet to plate spacing between 0.5 to 6 times of the nozzle diameter. The fins used are in the form of cubes of 2 mm size spaced at a pitch of 5 mm on the target plate. It is observed that the different shape of the fins cause different effects on the heat transfer coefficient between the impinging jet and the target plate. The increase in the heat transfer coefficient up to 70 % depending on the shape of the fin, nozzle plate spacing and the Reynolds number is observed in case of finned surfaces.
Key words : Impinging air jet, Heat transfer augmentation, Finned surface.

Ultrasonic studies on dye stain removal by surfactants
P.N. Dave¹* and N.J. Parmar²
Abstract : The ultrasonic velocities (U) and densities (r) have been measured for three surfactants, viz hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HPyBr), sodiumdodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and Trition X-100 (TX-100) with acridine orange in aqueous solutions in the absence and in the presence of protease at different time intervals at 298K and at pH 5.5.The surfactants chosen for the present work at different time intervals at 298K and at pH 5.5.The dye concentration has been maintained constant (5.0 ´ 10^-6 m) and the concentration of the surfactant maintained to critical micelle concentration. Acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility intermolecular free length and acoustic impedance have been calculated. The ultrasonic studies disclose that protease can enhance the detergent action of surfactant.
Key words : Surfactants, Ultrasonic studies, Acoustical parameters, sodiumdodecy-lbenzene sulfonate (SDBS).

Design of Experiments Method for Optimization of Process Parameters in WEDM
B.J. Ranganath* and C.P.S. Prakash**
Abstract : Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a complex process controlled by a number of process parameters; hence selection of proper combination of parameters producing a quality surface with uniform kerf and increased metal removal rate (MRR) becomes very important. The study details the Design of Experiments technique in analyzing and predicting required process parameter values.

Effect of axial magnetic field on weak cylindrical shock in dusty gas
R.P. YADAV, ANURAG SHARMA , R.P. VATS* and P.S. RAWAT**
Abstract : Ignoring the effect of overtaking disturbances, the weak cylindrical shock propagating in a dusty gas in presence of constant axial magnetic field has been investigated by Chester-Chisnell-Whitham method. The analytical relations for shock velocity and shock strength have been derived. The relations so obtained are analyzed for very small to large size particles (Neno to macro size particles). It is found that shock velocity, shock strength and flow variables decrease with the increase in magnetic field.

Physico-chemical analysis of ground water collected from different areas of Phanda block Bhopal (India)
Bijendra K. Mishra*, Devendra P. Singh** and Pramod Kumar
Abstract  : Water is the basic necessity for the survival of life and prosperity of civilization, therefore, quality of water is the most important parameters. As there is no specification about water quality in past and also at present. The present work has been under taken to investigate the ground water quality, collected from different areas of Phanda Block (Bhopal M.P.). Samples were collected from six water points on the basis of their importance. The physico-chemical parameters included pH (hydrogen ion concentration), T.A, T.H, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NO^_₃, EC, T.D.S so obtained, most of the parameters are with in permissible limits as prescribed by I.S.I, and W.H.O., while others are beyond the limit.

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