Corrections to ccw predictions for the motion of cylindrical hydromagnetic shock waves in a self-gravitating rotating gas
*S. Kumar, S.K. Singh and M.K. Rana
Abstract : Effects of overtaking disturbances behind the flow in CCW^1-3 approach have been included to describe the motion of cylindrical hydromagnetic shock wave in a self-gravitating rotating gas. The magnetic filed is assumed to have only constant axial (H_Zo = constant) and variable azimuthal (H_qo = r^1/2 H_z) components, taking an initial density distribution as r₀ = r'e^-lr, where r' is the density on the axis of symmetry and l is a non-dimensionalising constant. Cases of reverse trends of variation of flow variables with inclusion of e.o.d have been highlighted.
Key words: Hydromagnetic shock waves; Effects of overtaking disturbances; r₀ = r'e^-lr.

Stability constant of mixed complexes of Cu (II), UO₂ (II), Co (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) Pyridoxal and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)
Padmakshi Singh and Satyendra Singh
Abstract : A method involving the use of paper electrophoresis is described for the study of equilibria in mixed-ligand complex systems in solution. The technique is based on the movement of a spot of metal ion under an electric field with the complexants added to the background electrolyte at pH 8.5. The stability constants of the complexes were found to be 5.65, 5.25, 4.37, 3.83, 3.75, 3.61) for (Cu (II), UO₂ (II), Co (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) complexes, respectively, at µ = 0.1 and 35^oC.

Impact of hiv/aids on Nigeria's economic growth "The Granger causality approach"
Ijomah, Maxwell A. and Nduka, Ethelbert C.
Abstract : There is no doubt that the greatest health problem threatening the human race in these times is HIV/AIDS pandemic. The greatest burden of this scourge is in sub-saharan Africa. This paper reveals the impact of HIV/AIDS on Nigerian economic growth and development using the standard growth model. The model is estimated empirically using a time series data spanning from 1989- 2005. The findings revealed a negative impact of increasing HIV/AIDS prevalence on human capital and economic growth. This was further confirmed by the Granger causality test which showed that output (GDP) is grander caused by HIV/AIDS prevalence.

Study of Compression of BaS Under High Pressures
S.R. Pandit, B.D. Dwary*, S.K. Yadav** and L.B. Prasad***
Abstract : Expanding energy as a function of volume in a Taylor series and using different order Pade'approximants, various equations of states have been obtained which have been combined with quasi-harmonic approximation for free energy to study the compression of BaS crystals at high pressures (up to 80 kbar). The results obtained are reasonaly good, lending support to the equations of state and the method used to extend their applicability.
Key words : Volume-compression, Bulk modulus, Isothermal compressibility.

Study of metal complexes of Taurine by paper electrophoresis
Padmakshi Singh and Satyendra Singh
Abstract : A recent technique involving the use of paper electrophoresis is described for the study of the equilibria in binary complex systems in solution. The stability constants of ML and ML₂ complex species of some ions Cu (II)/ UO₂(II)/ Ni(II)/ Co(II)/ Zn(II)/ Cd (II) with Taurine were determined at an ionic strength of 0.1 perchloric acid and 35ºC. The stability constant of the ML and ML₂ complexes of metal - Taurine have been found to be (6.75, 5.89), (7.87, 5.10), (5.81, 3.69), (4.35, 3.58), (4.35, 3.30) and (4.31, 3.89) for Cu (II), UO₂(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd (II) complexes respectively.

Ionicity and microhardness of binary tetrahedral semiconductors
Kailash Kumar and D.V. Singh
Abstract : A sample relation is used to calculate the ionicity (fi) and microhardness of binary tetrahedral semiconductors. An investigation into various crystal parameters and their correlation have been done. Lavin's modification of Phillip and Van Vechten (PVV) theory are discussed and hence ionic gap (E_c), homopolar gap (E_h) average gap (E_p) and ionicity (f_i) are investigated for binary tetrahedral semiconductors. The estimated value of ionicity is then used to evaluate the values of microhardness. The results have been compared with corresponding values reported in literature. A fairly good agreement has been obtained between the results and values reported by other workers.
Key words : Ionicity, microhardness, binary tetrahedral semiconductors.

Thermal study using fem for laser machining of SS 304
Ranganath B. J.¹ and Viswanath G.²
Abstract : This paper presents the finite element method to determine the temperature profile within the volume of the material during laser cutting of 304 grade stainless steel. The commercially available ANSYS software is used to find the solution for the finite element analysis. The results of the study showed that the temperature distribution is confined to a small region which is in agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Key Words: Stainless Steel, Laser cutting, Finite element model.

Modified second order slope rotatable designs with equi-spaced levels using pairwise balanced designs
B. Re. Victorbabu
Abstract : In this paper, a new method of construction of modified second order slope rotatable designs with equi-spaced levels using pairwise balanced designs is suggested. The proposed method may sometimes lead to designs with less number of design points than those available in the literature. A table is provided where for a range of different values of v (v-stands for number of factors) the design points needed by different methods are compared for .
AMS 2000 subject classification: Primary 62K05; Secondary 05B05.
Key words: Second order response surface designs, equi-spaced doses designs, modified second order slope rotatable designs.

Declining ground water levels in vanur formation of villupuram District, Tamil Nadu (India)
¹V. Arulprakasam, ²R. Sivakumar, ²J.F. Lawrence and ³K.A. Nambi
Abstract : The demand for water has increased manifold due to population explosion and consequent increase in irrigation and industrial development. As the surface water resources are limited and mainly depend on monsoon, the increased water demand is being sustained by ground water source through many new tube wells tapping deeper aquifers. Vanur block is underlain by Coastal Alluvium, Cuddalore Sandstone, Vanur Sandstone, Limestone and Charnockite. The Vanur Sandstone is one of the main aquifers in the area and is the source for irrigation as well as for drinking water supply to Tindivanam town. The increased extraction of ground water has resulted in a steep decline of ground water levels.
An attempt has been made in this paper to study the long term behavior of ground water levels in this aquifer using the historical water level data collected from the observation wells being monitored by Auroville water service (Harvest) and Central Ground Water Board. The analysis of water level data indicates a long-term decline in the major part of the area. The result of the study indicates that urgent steps including strict regulatory meseaures on ground water extraction and augmentation of ground water resources through suitable artificial recharge structures may have to be initiated in the area to ensure sustainability of ground water extraction structures and to prevent possible saline water ingress.

Biological evaluation of paradoxical nature of M. spicata
JAYA JAIN
Abstract : India is veritable emporium of medicinal plants. A large number of different plant species contain natural pesticidal and medicinal value. The objective of this study was to determine the paradoxical nature of M. spicata. The studies have been undertaken on the life cycle, growth and mortality of T. confusum in rice grain. The survival rate of beetle is significantly reduced in the grain with increasing day and dose in extract of leaves of M. spicata. These plant extract was analyzed for certain trace metal viz. copper, zinc, manganese and iron. Concentrations of these metals in plant extract were iron (92 mg/g), copper (125 mg/g), zinc (122 mg/g) and manganese (31 mg/g).
Key word : M. spicata, T. confusum, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Manganese.

Study on antioxidant and antidiabetic factors from the extracts of medicinal plants
Nagaswarupa H.P.¹* and B.V. Somashekaraiah²
Abstract : The role of medicinal plants as primary tools in the maintenance of health as well as prevention and management of diseases is realized with alarming concern in recent days. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the property of some medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabeties mellitus and antioxidant related problems. There are many plants having compounds showing antidiabetic and antioxidant activity in their extracts. An attempt has been made to isolate the compounds responsible for the antidiabetic as well as antibiotic activity. This involves the extraction of the leaves from the plants Cassia auriculata and Moringa oleifera. The experimental observations made showed that there was a significant decrease in the sugar levels after the administration of the plant extracts indicating that the plants used in the present study contain antidiabetic and antioxidant factors which can bring out the hypoglycemic effect.

Synthesis and Structural Studies of Some Palladium (O & II) Complexes and their substitution products
Bhaskara Nand Mishra, Prabhat Kumar and R.N. Sharma*
Abstract : Some zero valent organo palladium complexes and its oxidative addition products with 2- mercapto -3- phenyl quianazole-4-one (QPMTH) have been synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical methods such as micro analytical, condcutance measurment, magnetic measurement, uv & visible and infrared spectrophotometric studies. The oxidation state of palladium metal after coordination is confirmed by iodometric titrations. The coordination of ligand to palladium metal is assigned through sulphur.

Synthesis of bioactive molecule fluoro substituted benzothiazoles comprising sulphonamido quinazolinyl imidazole for biological and pharmacological screening
SNEHAL PATEL, G.M. SREENIVASA, E. JAYACHANDRAN, NILADRY GHOSE and K. JAYARAJ KUMAR
Abstract : Various substituted 3(7-substituted-6-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-2yl)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one and 2-[(4Z)-4-benzylidine-2-phenyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-yl]-N-(7 -substituted-6-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-2-yl) benzamide. Containing different functional groups have been synthesized by condensing Ethylchloroformate with substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles in presence of anhydrous K₂CO₃. The identity of compounds were confirmed on the basis of their spectral (UV-Visible, IR, 1H NMR and Mass) data. Further, they have been screened for their antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant and anthelmentic activities.
Key words : Fluorine, Benzothiazole, sulphonamide, imidazole, quinazolin.

Phyto-Chemical Investigation of Trace metal in A. indica
JAYA JAIN
Abstract : Throughout the geological history of the Earth, trace metals have played key roles in the evolution and maintenance of life. Its ability to react with organic and inorganic compound. It required by all organisms and is essential for number of metabolic reaction as concerned. Therefore, it was tried to throw an insight on certain trace metals viz. copper, zinc, manganese and iron. Concentration of these metals in plant extracts were found to be as Zinc (64ug/g), Iron (158 ug/g), Copper (49 ug/g), and Manganese (18 ug/g). These trace metals also have medicinal values.

Key word : Neem, copper, iron, zinc, manganese.

Synthesis and characterization of some complexes of schiff base derived from 2-hydroxynapthaldehyde and mesalamine drug
Vasishta D. Bhatt*, Ketul N. Patel, Nilesh H. Patel^a and Jignesh P. Raval^a
Abstract : A study on some complexes of Schiff base (MNSB) prepared from 2-hydroxynapthaldehyde and mesalamine (5-amino-salicylic acid) is presented here. The metal ions used for the complexation are Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Mn (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II). The characterization of these complexes is attempted using various traditional tools like physical properties, elemental analysis, metal estimation and percentage yield. The modern techniques like magnetic measurements, infrared spectroscopy, UV and visible spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis have also been applied to deduce the structure and bonding in these complexes. Using all the above data, an octahedral geometry for the complexes is proposed. While the tetra dentate Schiff base uses its four coordinating atoms (3 O's and 1 N) for bonding, the remaining two positions are occupied by aquo ligands.
Key words : Schiff Base, Mesalamine, Thermo gravimetric analysis.

Synthesis and biological activity of some 1,2,4-triazoles and related heterocycles
Jyoti Sharma^a, Mohammad Amir^b and Sabir Hussain^a*
Abstract : 4-amino-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol have been prepared by treating isonicotinic acid hydrazide (1NH) successively with alcoholic KOH, CS₂ and hydrazinehydrate. These triazole derivatives were employed in the synthesis of 4-[substituted phenyl methylidene amino]-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1a-o) and N-[substituted phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-yl [1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazol-6-amine (2a-c). Some of they were found to be potential antimicrobial agents.
Graphical Abstract : A series of 4-[substituted phenyl methylidene amino]-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and N-[substituted phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-yl[1,2,4] triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4-]thiadiazol-6-amine derivatives of quinolin-8-ol have been synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities.
Key words: 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,4-triazolo [3.4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazole-6-amine derivatives, antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Surface Plasmon Satellites in 2p core-level spectra of Heavy transition metal dihalides
S.K. Srivastava, Amar Bahadur and Pankaj Kumar Singh
Abstract : X-Ray Satellite spectra arising in 2p core level of heavy transition metal dihalides are calculated using plasmon theory. The energy separation and relative intensity attributes to the surface plasmon excitation and agreed well with the experimental data observed by D.C.Frost and M.Okusawa. The importance of surface plasmon oscillation is verified in satellites of heavy transition metal dihalides by comparison of experimental spectra.
Key words : X-ray satellites / energy separation / surface plasmon / relative intensity

A High Voltage Gain Amplifier Developed By Modifying Conventional Darlington Pair Amplifier Circuit
Satyendra Nath Tiwari, Kranti Kirnesh Dubey, Jitendra Singh and Sachchida Nand Shukla
Abstract : Conventional Darlington pair is a popular circuit for amplification of small voltage signals and significantally used in many important applications. First time we have proposed a modification in CC/CE Darlington pair amplifier by replacing one BJT of the pair by FET with inclusion of a biasing resistance RP which produced some unseen results. We observed that the modified amplifier circuit produces high voltage gain with significant bandwidth. This circuit may be very useful for amplification of small signals with high gain in mid frequency bands and beneficial for various analog communication applications.
Key words: Small Signal amplifiers, Basic Electronic Circuits

Investigation of Electrical and Magnetic properties of YBa₂Cu_3+xO_7+d Superconductor
NASIMA HAQUE KHAN, MD. Towfique Ezdani Chowdhury and M. HUQ*
Abstract : Electrical & magnetic properties of YBa₂Cu_3+xO_7+d (x=0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 1) superconducting materials, prepared by standard solid state reaction technique, is reported. X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples show that the structure of the samples were orthorhombic and single phase. The superconducting transition temperature T_c was determined from DC resistance and AC susceptibility measurement. DC resistance measurement for YBa₂Cu_3+xO_7+d sample with x=0 showed a sharp superconducting transition having an onset temperature of about 91K. The AC resistance measurement also showed that the transition temperature T_c decreases as the copper concentration in the sample increases.The oxidation states of the samples increase with increasing copper content. It was observed that T_c decreases as copper content increases in the samples. The YBa₂Cu₄O_7+d sample is a suppression of 2^nd order phase transition (orthorhombic to tetragonal), which is a well known characteristic feature of YBa₂Cu₃O_7+d superconductor. The stable oxygen content in YBa₂Cu₄O_7+d makes the structure thermodynamically stable than the YBa₂Cu₃O_7+d and as a result, no oxygen vacancies or twin structures are present in the YBa₂Cu₄O_7+d sample.

Preparation and characterization of some transition element with Antiinflammatory Drug Paracetamol
Arun Kumar Patel, Anuradha Singh and R.K. Singh*
Abstract : The present paper records the preparation and characterization of four complexes of Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) with acetaminophenol. The measurements of their Conductivity, molecular height, infrared, magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectra have been made and the results have been interpreted in a consistent manner.

Synthesis of Fluoro Substituted Benzothiazoles Incorporated with 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles for Biological and Pharmacological Screening
Gangadhar Shaw, G.M. Sreenivasa and E. Jayachandran*
Abstract : Various substituted 2[5'-(3-Methyl benzene)-1',3',4-thiadiazol-2'-yl amino)-6-flouro-7substituted (1,3) benzothiazoles and 2[5'-(p-chlorobenzene)-1',3',4'-thiadiazole-2'-yl amino) -6-fluoro-7substituted (1,3) benzothiazole containing different functional groups have been synthesized by condensing hydrazine hydrate with substituted 2-aminobenzothiazole in presence of ammonia, carbon disulphide with ethanol and sodium chloroacetate. Further it is treated with various aromatic acid (p-chloro benzoic acid and 3-methyl benzoic acid) in presence of pyridine. The identity of compounds were confirmed on the basis of their spectral (UV, IR, 1H NMR and MASS) data. Further, they have been screened for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activities.
Key words : Fluorine, Benzothiazole, Thiadiazole,

Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convective Three Dimensional Flow and Heat Transfer through a Porous Medium bounded by an Infinite Vertical Porous Flat Plate with Periodic Permeability
¹S. S. DAS, ²S. PARIJA, ³S. K. SAHOO, ³S. MISHRA and ⁴M. R. DASH
Abstract : This paper considers the three dimensional mixed convective MHD flow and heat transfer of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid through a highly porous medium bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate with periodic permeability. The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect of periodic permeability and applied magnetic field on the flow field through a highly porous medium bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate. Assuming the free stream velocity to be uniform, the governing equations are solved and approximate solutions are obtained for the velocity field, the temperature field, the skin friction and the heat flux in terms of Nusselt number (Nu). The effects of the flow parameters characterizing the flow field are studied and discussed with the help of figures and tables.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 76W05, S05
Key words : Magnetohydrodynamic, mixed convection, heat transfer, porous medium, periodic permeability.

Biosorption of Congo Red dye using groundnut shell: Batch studies
K. SHANKAR* and S. RENGANATHAN*,
Abstract : Biosorption of Congo red dye from an aqueous solution was investigated by the Groundnut shell in batch studies at different sorbent dosage (0.2 to 0.6 g per 100 mL), pH (1 to 6) and initial dye concentration (20 to 120 g/L). Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to represent the equilibrium data. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be fitted very well with the experimental data when compared to Langmuir isotherm model. The results showed that the equilibrium uptake capacity was found to be increased with decrease in biomass dosage. The equilibrium uptake capacity was influenced by the initial dye concentration. The sorption results were analysed for pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetic model. From the result, it was observed that the kinetic data fitted very well with the pseudo second order rate equation when compared to the pseudo first order rate equation.
Key words : Biosorption, Groundnut shell, Congo Red, Freundlich isotherm.

The Field Distribution in the Focal Plane of a Paraboloidal Reflector Antenna
Sunil Kumar* Shailesh Singh, Niraj Singh and Virendra Singh
Abstract : The electromagnetic field in the focal plane of a finite axially-symmetrical paraboloidal reflector illuminated by plane wave of arbitary polarisation incident nearly normally at vertex, has been investigated. This paper describe the investigation, explains the method, and summarizes some of its results. The reflector is assumed to be of a focal length which is large compared with the wave length of the incident wave, and the plane of aperture is assumed to be about halfway between the focus and vertex. The purpose is to view of the diffraction pattern in the focal plane by treating the current induced on the concave surface of the reflector, so that the electromagnetic effect due to them on one part on the surface is taken into account at another by means of waves of current and charges on the paraboloid.
Key words : microwave radiation/field distribution/focal plate/radiation pattern/aperture field distribution/focal waveguide feed.

Occurrence of Fluoride in Varattupallam and Kumbaravani Pallam watershed in Bhavani Sub-Basin of Erode District, Tamil Nadu
D. Thondi Muthu¹ M. Arumugam¹, G.R. Senthil Kumar¹ R.Vengatesan² and B. Gowtham³
Abstract : Fluoride concentration has been quantitatively determined for ground water samples from Varattupallam and Kumbaravani Pallam watershed of Bhavani Sub-Basin. The results do not indicate large variation. A minimum of 0.2 mg/l to maximum of 2.0mg/l in the post monsoon and a minimum of 0.2 mg/l to a maximum of 11.00 mg/l in pre monsoon samples have been observed in the study area. Most of the samples show <1.5 mg/l except in few locations. The sample near K.T. Ammankoil Pudur (Loc. No. 25) and Kattupalayam (Loc.No.46) have recorded slightly higher concentration >1.5 mg/l during the post monsoon, where as during pre monsoon, the sample near Palliapalam recorded anomalous high concentration of fluoride (11.00 mg/l). The studies of fluoride concentration do not indicate any significance alarming impact except the area near Palliapalayam. The possible source can be attributed to the influence of fluoride bearing minerals in the country rock Fissile Hornblende Biotite Gneiss.
Key words: Fluoride, Ground Water, World Health Organization, Fissile Hornblende Biotite Gneiss, Bhavani river Sub-Basin,

Study of water pollution through stone quarrying industries
Varsha Jain and Praveen Jain*
Abstract : The quality of water deteriorating day by day because of increasing population, industrialization and technical advancement. It becomes necessary to know the quality of water before use as water reservoirs are continuously get polluted by wastewater from different industrial discharge. Stone quarrying industries are small scale industries which cause environment pollution. A study was carried out to analysis the water quality in stone quarry area. Many stone quarrying industries are situated in neelbud and ratibad area near Bhopal. Effluent of these industries dumped into kerwa dam. Various physicio chemical parameters temperature, pH, electrical Conductivity, total dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate and Chloride were analyzed to assess the quality of water. And it was found that concentration of these parameters were higher than tolerance limits as prescribed by BIS and APHA.

A new improved rp hplc method for the determination of penicillin g
Shweta Sharma*, S. Singh** and S. Baghel***
Abstract : The objective of this investigation was to develop a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Penicillin G,which is widely used in clinical practice. The quantification was carried out using a RP C-18 column in isocratic mode with mobile phase acetonitrile: water: sodium acetate.Cephalexin was used as internal standard. The detection was carried out at 245 nm which was used for direct evaluation of the chromatograms in reflectance/absorbance mode and the good linear relationship was found. The calibration curves were established as dependence of peak height and peak area versus concentration. Standard deviation obtained from calibration curves was compared. Precision and detection limits was validated and found to be satisfactory. The method was found to be reproducible and convenient for quantitative analysis of penicillin G in their raw materials and their dosage forms.

Observations of unique whistler-triggered VLF emissions at low latitude Indian ground station Jammu (India)
Krishna K. Singh¹, M. Altaf², Jaipal Singh³, Balraj Kumar³, A. K. Singh^l, Lalmani² and B.L. Koul²
Abstract : A detailed analysis of the very low frequency (VLF) wave data obtained during whistler campaigns under All India Coordinated Program of lonosphere Thermosphere Studies (AICPITS) at the low latitude ground station Jammu (geomagnetic latitude = 22° 26^/ N, L = 1.17) has yielded two types of unusual and unique whistler-triggered VLF emissions. These include (1) Whistler-triggered hook VLF emissions and (2) Whistler-triggered long enduring discrete chorus VLF emissions during night time. Such types of whistler-triggered VLF emissions have not been reported earlier from the ground observations at low latitudes. In the present study, the observed characteristics of these emissions are described and interpretated, Dispersion analysis of these emissions show that the whistlers have propagated along a path with L-values lying between L = 2.4 and 3.6, suggesting that these whistlers are to be regarded as mid-latitude whistlers. These waves could have propagated along the geomagnetic field lines earlier in a ducted mode or in a pro-longitudinal mode. It is speculated that these emissions may have been generated through a process of resonant interaction of the whistler waves with energetic electrons.

Analysis of municipal waste water used for irrigation and chemotoxic assessment of irrigated soil
Varsha Jain, Monika jain* and Praveen Jain*
Abstract : In present study physico-chemical analysis of waste water which is used for agricultural purpose and chemotoxic analysis of soil have been conducted at Neelbad near Bhopal. The results reveals that chemical pollutants present in soil and irrigated water which are adversely affecting the crops and water reservoirs.

Effect of p-methoxy substituent on the stability of N-(p-methoxyphenyl) phosphoradiamidic chloride under Hydrolytic conditions by kinetic means
S. Prabha* and V. Singh Sahni**
Abstract : The diester as its monochloridate (C-N-P-linkage) is functionally modified, by the introduction of a p-methoxy substituent in the aryl matrix. The hydrolysis proceeds in the pH region 1.24-10.00 in 20% acetic acid (v/v) at 40^oC. First order rate constants have been estimated in the entire range of study using Allen's modified method of colorimetric measurement. Initial increase in rates is followed by a gradual decrease till a minimum appears at an uncommon pH value, where the percentage of the monoanion is however the maximum. The presence of the neutral form is also decided by knowing their fractions from the pK value at the above pH. Thus neutral form is however, not simple but is rather present as the zwitter ionic form. This is shown by the effect of solvent studies where lowering in rates occurs in spite of an increase in the polarity of the solvent. This is because the zwitterion if present, will form a transition state with the dispersion of charge present, as demanded by the decrease in rates by solvent effect study. The monoanion form, however is expected to form a polar transition state and this is strengthened by a changeover to a solvent of higher polarity leading to higher rates. Arrhenius parameters however require an unstable transition state for the bimolecular hydrolysis to proceed.

A comparative study of the performance of a low heat rejection engine with two different levels of insulation with Pongamia oil based bio diesel M.V.S. Murali Krishna¹, P.V.K. Murthy², C.M. Vara Prasad³ and A.V. Sita Rama Raju⁴
Abstract : In the context of fast depletion of fossil fuels and increase of pollution levels with conventional fuels, the search for alternate fuels has become pertinent. Alcohols and vegetable oils are probable means to replace diesel fuels as they are renewable in nature. However, use of alcohols in internal combustion engines is limited, as the properties of alcohol fuels are not compatible with diesel fuels. Hence much emphasis is given to the non-edible vegetable oils as alternate fuels in internal combustion engines. However, the drawbacks of low volatility and high viscosity associated with non-edible vegetable oils call for hot combustion chamber, provided by low heat rejection diesel engine. The crude vegetable oils are converted into bio-diesel by the process of esterification, to reduce the molecular weight and viscosity of crude oil. The investigations are carried out on low heat rejection diesel engines which consist of different degree of insulations such as i) air gap insulated piston with superni crown, air gap insulated liner with superni insert and ii) air gap insulated piston with superni crown, air gap insulated liner with superni insert and ceramic coated cylinder head with esterified pongamia oil (bio-diesel) with varied injection pressures. Performance is improved with high degree of insulation with vegetable oil in comparison with conventional engine with pure diesel operation

Fecundity suppression of two botanicals on rust red four beet le, Tribolium castaneum, infesting stored sorghum
BABARINDE, S.A.* and OGUNKEYEDE, A.F.
Abstract : Six dosages (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, l.00. and 1.25g) of Tephrosia vogelli (Feabeceae) and Laggera aurita (Compositae) powder were admixed with 10g milled sorghum. Ten pairs Tribolim casteaneum adults were introduced into treated sorghum. All dosages of T. vogelii significantly reduced fecundity while significant fecundity suppression was observed in 1. 25g L. aurita.

Home