The application of Landsat TM4 data and Mathematical Evaluation Method (MEM) in the detection of evaporate minerals in the Evaz-Heerm area, south east of Zagros zone, Iran
Moghtaderi. A^a* and Moghtaderi. GH. A^b†
Abstract : Evaporate minerals are often occurred by evaporation processes in a closed sedimentary basin. These minerals can show distinctive assemblages of minerals in a depositional environment. One of the important objectives of multi-spectral and developed multi-spectral sensors is the detection of optical characteristics of the Earth's surface using spectral bands. The evaporate minerals in the Evaz-Heerm area have been investigated in the field and have been successfully detected by applying FCC (False Color Composite), MNF (Minimum Noise Fraction Transform) and MEM (Mathematical evaluation method) techniques on Landsat TM4 imageries. Halite, gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite minerals can be distinguished. This study shows clearly the capability of Landsat TM4 data in the detection of evaporate minerals in the Evaz-Heerm area, and the MEM method can be comfortable technique for the Landsat TM4 imagery data. The pervasive assemblage of evaporate minerals indicate that the Evaz-Heerm area belongs to a closed depositional basin.
Key word: Evaz-Heerm area, MEM, evaporate mineral, Landsat TM4, Zagros zone.

Chemical reaction effects on the flow past an infinite plate in porous medium with constant heat flux
R.K. Tripathi, Jai Singh and P.K. Singh
Abstract : In the present paper, an analysis has been carried out for a two dimensional, incompressible viscous flow in a porous medium with variable permeability past an infinite plate with constant heat flux and chemical reaction effects. An analytical solution has been obtained by introducing non-dimensional parameters. The effects of permeability and chemical reaction parameters on the flow field has been obtained and discussed with the help of graphs.
Key words: Viscous incompressible fluid, porous medium, constant suction, chemical reaction parameter, variable permeability.

Ultrasonic study of aqueous potassium citrate
K. Ogra, Lalmani and B. L. Koul*
Abstract : Measurement of the acoustics wave velocity through a fluid combined with physical properties of the medium such as its density, temperature and pressure provide information about thermodynamic parameters of the fluid such as: specific acoustic impedance (Z), adiabatic compressibility (b), apparent molal compressibility (j(k)), molar sound velocity (R), inter-molecular free length (L_f ), relative association (RA) and hydration number (S_n). The estimation of the thermodynamic parameters in aqueous solutions of electrolytes of different valence types has been carried and the dependence of these parameters on cationic and anionic radii established. In the case of an electrolyte having anionic radius of 18.75 Å and cationic radius of 1.33 Å, the changes observed in the parameters have been studied , which provide an insight into the influence of cationic size on these parameters. It is found that the size of the cation appreciably influences these parameters.
Key words : Acoustic wave, thermodynamic properties, aqueous solutions, electrolytes,
IPC Code PAC No: 94.30

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Isopropylchloroacetate by Chromic acid
P. Krishnamoorthy
Abstract : The Kinetics of Oxidation of isopropylchloroacetate by Chromic acid have been studied in aqueous acetic acid medium. The order of the reaction is found to be one with respect to isopropylchloroacetic acid and one with respect to chromic acid. The rate of oxidation of isopropylchloroacetic by chromic acid increases with increase in the amount of acetic acid solvent. Further the reaction rate increases with increase of sulphuric acid concentration. There is no salt effect is observed by the addition of SO₄^2- and HSO₄^- ions. In the present study the reaction was studied at four different temperatures and the energy of activation, enthalpy of activation and entropy of activation and frequency factor have been found out to be 45.474 KJ mol^-1, 40.737 KJ mol^-1,-207.15 JK^-1mol^-1, 8.75 at 30^oC. A suitable mechanism have been proposed considering the oxidizing species as HCrO₃⁺.
Key words : Isopropylchloroacetate, Chromic acid, Ion-dipole, Activation energy and Frequency factor.

A statistical study of ESD whistlers observed during daytime at a low latitude Indian ground station Jammu (L=1.17)
M. Altaf¹, Krishna K. Singh², A.K. Singh², B.L. Koul¹ and Lalmani¹
Abstract : The origin and propagation mechanism of low latitude daytime whistlers are investigated on the basis of the very low frequency (VLF) wave measurements made continuously during day and night hours in North India at our newly setup ground based station Jammu (geomag.lat., 22^o 26^/ N; L=1.17). From the dispersion analysis of the VLF data collected over a time span of about seven years, extremely small dispersion (ESD) whistlers with dispersion varying from 5-10 sec^1/2 in surprisingly large numbers were found during daytime but only in geomagnetic quiet periods. This feature supports the hypothesis of combined ground ionosphere and field- aligned propagation known as hybrid mode of propagation. The lower cut-off frequencies of these whistlers have been evaluated and majority of these whistlers are found to lie in the low frequency range of ~3-4.4 kHz.

Groundwater Quality Deterioration study using GIS of Lower Gundar Basin, Tamilnadu
GOWTHAM B. and LAWRENCE J.F.
Abstract : The availability of fresh water is of concern. River basins all over the world have potential groundwater resources both quantitatively and qualitatively. But at national level, the need of the groundwater exceeds the groundwater potential and water scarcity exists. People residing near the coastal area, face a threat of saline water intrusion. It becomes essential to evaluate qualitative and quantitative assessment of existing ground water resources. Area adjacent to Gulf of Mannar, which forms a part of River Gundar basin, has been chosen for this study. The study area occupies southeastern part of Indian sub continent and surface flow is restricted only to monsoon season. Ground water sample of from 33 locations have been collected in two different seasons (pre- and post monsoon). The above samples have been analyzed and brought into a digital output using a simple program HYCH. From the digital output, thematic maps such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Groundwater Classification and Salinity and Sodium Hazard have been prepared using the GIS environment. It is inferred that the quality of groundwater improves unevenly in different locations with respect to season indicating the recharge is not uniform. An appreciable amount of quality improvement has been observed along the northern and central portion of the study area. The quality improvement in south is poor. It is suggested that by constructing large number of artificial recharge structures to trap monsoon rainwater along the northern and central part of the study area will improve the quality of groundwater remarkably. Designing of recharging wells along the southern region will result in considerable improvement both in the quality and quantity of groundwater.
Key words : Thematic maps, recharge structures.

Polarographic study of mixed ligand complexes of Lead with some amino acids and Thioglycolic acid (tdga) at dropping mercury electrode (dme)
Meena*, Santosh Kumar Meena and O.D. Gupta
Abstract : The reduction of Pb(II) in the aqueous solution with some amino acids (cystein and serine) and thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) have been investigated at dropping mercury electrode (DME). The stability constants of Pb-TDGA and Pb-amino acids were measured first by the method of Deford and Humes and that of Pb-amino acids-TDGA have been studied by the method of Shaap and McMasters. The reduction of all the complexes has been found to be reversible and diffusion controlled, involving two electrons in each case. Three types of mixed complexes MXY, MX₂Yand MXY₂ have been determined and found to be more stable than that of the simple ones. With the help of these data statistical and electrostatic effects have been considered.
Key words : Thiodiglycolic acid, Aminoacids, Reduction.

Pesticide residues contamination in water samples collected from four lakes of Mysore city
Mohammad Nasser Modoodi and S.L. Belagali
Abstract : Experiments were conducted to determine the residues of 18 pesticides in water samples collected from Four Lakes (Kamana, Karanji, Kukkarahally and Dalvoi lakes) located in Mysore city and comparison of their contamination level with other agricultural water samples around Mysore district, Karnataka, India. These Samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) consisting of Electron Capture Detector (ECD) to determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). All the lake water samples, as well as ground water samples, had no detectable pesticide residues. Instead, four pesticides including Aldrin, b-HCH, g-HCH, and 4,4-DDT were detected in other agricultural water samples. For the pesticides detected the presence of b-HCH and 4,4-DDT was comparatively more. All detected pesticides in water samples were in low concentrations except for b-HCH in one sample. No organophosphorus and atrazin pesticide residues were detected in water samples.

Acoustical studies on ion-solvent interaction of some electrolytes in aqueous DMF mixed solvent system at different temperatures
R. Palani*, A. Geetha, S. Balakrishnan and M. Catherine
Abstract : Density (r), viscosity (h) and ultrasonic velocity (U) have been measured for sodium halide solutions namely sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium chloride(NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr) in aqueous dimethylformamide (DMF) (1m) at 303, 308 and 313K. Using the experimental values, the adiabatic compressibility (b), hydration number (n_H), apparent molal compressibility (), apparent molal volume (), limiting apparent molal compressibility (), limiting apparent molal volume () and their constants (S_K, S_V) and viscosity A and B coefficients of Jones-Dole equation were calculated and the results have been discussed in terms of ion-solvent interactions.
Key words : Ultrasonic velocity, apparent molar volume, hydration number.

Study of surface water quality at varanasi (India)
Anil Kumar Gupta¹, Priti Pandey² and T.R. Aggarwal³
Abstract : The investigation was carried out to assess the surface water quality regarding drinking and irrigational purposes. The studies were conducted in the year 2006-07 at Varanasi. The samples were collected from open well, bore well and hand pump from four different zones on the basis of the water lifting for potability and domestic use by residents. The parameters analysed were pH, alkalinity, free CO₂, acidity, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, hardness and calcium, magnesium, chloride contents. The values of some parameters in the study were found to be high as compared to permissible limits, which may have adverse effect on diverse uses of water.

Experimental studies on the blood flow in stenosis arteries in presence of magnetic field
R.P. Yadav, Harminder Singh and Bhoopal Singh
Abstract : In the present study, an experimental model of blood flow in stenosis artery under the action of an applied axial magnetic field is proposed. A variable magnetic field ranging from 5.46 - 21.84 gauss is used to conduct the experiment. This model consist with the principles of ferrohydrodynamics and magne- tohydrodynamics and takes into account the magnetization property of blood. The flow is appreciably influenced by the application of the magnetic field. A comparison of the derived results is also taken into account.
Key words : Stenosis artery, blood flow, magnetic field.

Physico-chemical behaviour of some aromatic amines in 1-propanol mixture at 303.15K
R. Palani*, A. Geetha, S. Balakrishnan and C. Jayanthi
Abstract : Density (r), viscosity (h) and ultrasonic velocity (U) have been carried out in three binary liquid mixtures for aniline, 2-chloro aniline and 3-chloro aniline with a polar compound of 1-propanol at 303.15 K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the adiabatic compressibility (b), free length (L_f), free volume (V_f), internal pressure (p_i), Gibb's free energy (DG), Grunberg interaction parameter (d) and their excess values. The results of excess parameter can be discussed in the light of intermolecular interaction in the binary mixtures.
Key words: Ultrasonic velocity, compressibility, Gibb's free energy and interaction parameter.

Phenomenological analysis of p^±-Ca Elastic Scattering
M.R. Arafah
Abstract : We present a phenomenological analysis of p^±-Ca elastic scattering at 400, 500 and 672 MeV. The analysis is made within the framework of the diffraction model using parameterized phase shift function. Good agreement with the experimental data is achieved, at all energies. Using the parameter values of the p-⁴⁰Ca phase shift function we calculate the radius parameter of the Helm's model density for ⁴⁰Ca
Key words : Diffraction model; pion optical potential; pion-nucleus scattering.
PACS Nos 24.10.Ht; 25.80.Dj

Reactions of Hexabutylditin with ligands such as b-diketones and b-Ketoesters
Deepika Bansal¹, Man Mohan² and R.K. Mittal^3*
Abstract : The reactions of hexabutylditin with b- diketones and b- ketoesters in the molar ratio of 1:2 were studied in the medium of anhydrous benzene. Complexes of the type R₃Sn-L (where R= ­C₄H₉) have been synthesized. All the reactions were not so facile and tin-tin bond was cleaved in preference to the tin -carbon bond. The resulting tin (IV) complexes of b-diketones and b-ketoesters were isolated in the form of brown yellow solids or semi-solids. They are soluble in common organic solvents. These complexes are supposed to have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

An exponential equation for predicting bed load transport rate in Tapi river, India
S.M. Yadav* and B.K. Samtani**
Abstract : The effect of non uniformity of bed material on the sediment transport has been studied by various investigators in the past. They .developed the transport rate equation for particular size of sediment in a non uniform bed material, where as the influence of other sizes of sediments has been neglected. The majority of the bed load formulae represent a functional relation between bed load discharge and shear stress. The formulae are characterized by three aspects namely the basic function q_b = A f (t₀-t_c). The characteristic grain-size to be used and the correction applied to bed load equations. The main objectives of this paper are to estimate bed load of monsoon season, to analyze the sediment load during monsoon, using various measured parameters determine q_b, t₀ and t_c and to develop new bed load equation. The bed load equation can be approximated in exponential form as Y = a X ^b. For this purpose bed load, shear stress and critical shear stress are computed. The statistical analysis and curve fitting (by nonlinear square fitter) is carried out by using allometric function of Micro cal Origin 6.1. The modified bed load equation of Duboy's for Tapi river, Monsoon season and for Sarangkheda gauging station is Y =10.27529 X ^1.53544. The proposed bed load equation is tested using five years data of Tapi River. Also, model is tested using data of seven world rivers. The statistical analysis is carried out by computing rmse, inequality ratio and discrepancy ratio. The analysis suggests good agreement between measured and predicted bed load for Tapi river and 5 out of 10 rivers across the globe.
Key words : Bed load equation, DuBoy, Effective shear stress, Mathematical model

Economic losses on food crops due to Dracunculiasis in some endemic communities of ekiti-state, Nigeria
Adewole, S.O. and Alofe, A.T.
Abstract : The economic lisses on some selected food crops and cash crop due to guinea worm disease (Dracunculiasis) were studied in some endemic communities of Ekiti State, Nigeria, during the period of November 2004 to March 2006. The annual losses due to guinea worm infection on rice, maize, cassava, yam, beans and cocoa production were estimated at N 17,773,500.00 (US$122,575.86). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the quantities of crops produced during the period of infection and the quantities produced when there was no infection. There was a drastic fall in crops' production due to inability to treck long distances to their farm as a result of severe incapacitation. The loss in crop output at the farm level translates to increase in vicious circle of poverty and starvation. The great dependence on human labour thus underscores the problem posed by the disease factor in rural lobour supply.
Key words : Economic losse(s), Guinea worm disease/Dracunculiasis, crops, Endemic and incapacitation.

Thermal Instability of a Self Gravitating, Rotating Gaseous Plasma With Generalized Ohm's Law
R.K. Pensia, Vishal Ghorela* and R.K. Chhajlani⁺
Abstract : The thermal instability of an infinitely homogeneous, Self gravitating, rotating gaseous plasma has been investigated here in the presence of the effects of Generalised ohm's law and viscosity. The dispersion relation has been obtained for parallel propagation and numerical calculation has been performed to obtain the dependence of the growth rate on the various physical effects. It is found that, in the case of parallel by a transverse magnetic field and axis of rotation is taken along the direction of magnetic field, the growth of instability is independent of the magnetic field.

Viscosity studies of Cu(NO₃)₂.3H₂O in propan-2ol+water solvent at 303.15 K.
S.B. Mishra, P.C. Mohanty, P.K. Mishra and A.K. Patnaik
Abstract : The viscosity of the Cu(NO₃)₂.3H₂O at 10%, 20% and 30% (w/w) of Propan-2-ol +Water mixtures at 30^o, 35^o and 40^o C has been measured. The ions appear to interact and the ion-solvent interaction or structure-breaking effect of the anions changes with the change in Propan-2-ol content.

Spectroscopic, magnetic and antibacterial properties of some metal(II) unsymmetric Schiff-base complexes and their mixed-ligand analogs
Aderoju A. Osowole^1*, Benjamin C. Ejelonu² and Saka A. Balogun³
Abstract : The unsymmetric tetradentate Schiff-base, derived from condensation of 2-hydroxy-4­methoxyacetophenone, ethylenediamine and 2,4-pentanedione and its VO(IV), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes have been isolated. Their mixed-ligand analogs are obtained by reacting these M(II) Schiff-base complexes with triphenyl phosphine in the ratio 1:1. The ligand was analyzed pure by microanalysis and characterized by ¹Hnmr spectroscopy. The metal complexes were characterized by conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The ligand coordinates using azomethine N and phenolic O atums to give 4-coordinate square-planar/tetrahedral geometry to Ni(II), Cu(II) / Co(II), 5-coordinate, square-pyramidal geometry to VO(IV) Schiff base complexes and a 6-coordinate, octahedral geometry to the mixed-ligand complexes with water coordinating to the 6^th position in some of them, as corroborated by magnetic moments, IR and electronic spectral data. The antibacterial activity of ligand and all metal complexes against Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis are generally good. The mixed-ligand complexes are mostly more effective than the precursor metal(II) Schiff base complexes, which are in turn more effective than the ligand against the bacteria used with exception of Shigella flexneri.
Key words: Antibacterial activity, unsymmetric Schiff base, mixed-ligand, triphenyl phosphine.

High Lithium Ion Conductivity in the System Li₂O : V₂O₅ : WO₃
VISHALAKSHI SINGH, SATYENDRA SINGH¹ and KANCHAN GAUR
Abstract : The electrical conductivity (s) and Seebeck Coefficient (S) studies have been reported from 500 K to the melting point (1150 K) the solidified melt of the superionic system Li₂O : V₂O₅ : WO₃. The material is not hygroscopic and does not have a real superionic phase, however, in the temperature range 320 K to 550 K it has high ionic conductivity (s_i = 2.1 × 10^-2 W^-1m^-1 at 330K) with small (0.21 eV) activation energy but relatively large (between 10 to 15 percent) electronic conductivity. Anomaly observed in s and S data is also reflected in molar magnetic susceptibility (c_M) and dielectric constant (K) results.

Synthesis and characterization of complexes of zirconium(IV) with 4-amino-3-substituted-5- mercapto-1,2,4-triazole
R.N. Pandey*, Prashasti Pande and R.N. Sharma**
Abstract : Some solid and air stable complexes of 4-amino-3-substituted-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole with Zirconium (iv) ions have been prepared in acidic, basic and neutral media and characterized using various physico-chemical methods. The ligand is coordinated to metal ion through thione sulphur as indicated from ir spectra. Octahedral geometry has been proposed for the complexes on the basis of normal coordinate analysis, magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectral studies.
Key words: Complex, thio amide band, spectral studies, electronic spectra, etc.

Study of adsorption on activated charcoal prepared by low cost material
Sayyed Hussain*, Mazhar Farooqui** and Maqdoom Farooqui***
Abstract : The aim of present investigation to study the adsorption of organic acids like acetic acid and oxalic acid by the activated charcoal of low cost material like Arachis hypogea L and Vigna sinensis have show that good material for adsorption of acetic acid and oxalic acid langmuir adsorption isotherm valid good for above said low cost material.
Key words : low cost material, activated carbon, adsorbent, arachis hypogeal, agricultural waste etc.

Loss-less operation of IGBT based three phase Voltage Source Inverter controlled through FPGA
Avnesh Verma, *Sunil Dhingra and **M.K. Soni
Abstract : Since the advent of semiconductor devices, a continuous improvement in size, losses, operation, application etc are the areas of studies for researchers. The process control instrumentation did not remained untouched with the advancement in technology. We have worked out to find suitable device for the construction of inverter for induction motor V/Hz control operation in industries. A comparative study has been made to find out the best operational advantages between MOSFET and IGBT based inverter. A suitable gate parameters of IGBTs has also been found out for its smooth conducting. FPGA as gate driver controller has been employed for controlling the ON-OFF operation of inverter to produce three phase at 120^o. IGBT and MOSFET have been tested at 1000V to find out the on state resistance and load current bearing capacity.
Key words: IGBT,FPGA,V/Hz, PWM, Gate,SOA.

Toxicity of n-Hexane in extracted soybean meal : A Histopathological study on lungs of albino rats
SHABNAM FAIYAZ¹, HUMA ALI²*, MEGHA JHA², ASHISH MANIGAUHA², N. GANESH², and J.D. AHI³
Abstract : In extraction process of soyabean, soyameal obtained as a by-product. In this process n-Hexane has vital role, n-Hexane separates the complete oil contents of soya. Despite this vital function of n-Hexane, it is also known as health hazard compound. From the meal n-Hexane is metabolized into gamma diketone 2,5-hexanedione (2,5 HD), which binds with the lysine residues of neurophilament protein causing toxicological implication . The solvents n-hexane exposure, the following four metabolites, 2-hexanol, 2,5-hexanedione, 2,5-dimethylfuran and g-valerolactone, were identified. 2,5-Hexanedione was the main n-hexane metabolite found in previous study. n-Hexane in animals is a neurotoxic agent, also seems to be responsible for the neuropathies. Results suggest that the feeding of soybean containing up to 120 ppm n-Hexane and inhalation of n-Hexane is toxic from 30 ppm to120 ppm.
Key words: Soybean; n-Hexane; neurotoxic agent.

Plasmon excitation in photon excited K_a X-ray satellite spectra of Si and SiO₂
S. K. SRIVASTAVA, AMAR BAHADUR*, SANJEET PRATAP SINGH and ARUN KUMAR SINGH
Abstract : We theoretically investigated photon excited K_a x-ray satellite spectra of Si and SiO₂ using plasmon theory. The KaL¹/ KaL⁰ and KaL² / KaL⁰ intensity ratio are found to be agreed well with experimentally observed values. In the calculation of relative intensity; intrinsic, extrinsic and their relative contributions have been discussed.
Key words : X-ray satellites / energy separation / bulk and surface plasmon / relative intensity.
PACS Nos. 79.60.-I, 78.70.En, 82.80.P v., 33.60.-q.

A mathematical model for oxygen transport in capillary-tissue exchange system in the presence of magnetic field
Rekha Bali* and Usha Awasthi**
Abstract : A mathematical analysis for oxygen transport in capillary and tissue is presented for the case of first order consumption by the tissue in presence of magnetic field .This model consist of a single capillary from which substrate diffuses into a surrounding co-axial tissue. The oxygen transport is appreciably influenced by the application of the magnetic field. Analytical results are obtained by using a series solution method and Picard's type iterative procedure .We have obtained the results for oxygen concentration in capillary and tissue region. This description has a complete view on effects of different parameter on the oxygen concentration in both regions.
Key word : Blood, Systemic capillary, Oxygen transport, Magnetic field, Concentration profiles.

Chemical Constituents and Bioactivity of  Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.
M.A. SUKARI*, N.Y. RASHID, S.W. TANG, M. RAHMANI, N.H. LAJIS, ¹K. KHALID and ²U.K. Yusuf
Abstract : Curcuma xanthorrhiza, a well-known traditional medicinal plant used in Malaysia and Indonesia, is commonly known with the local name 'temu lawak' or 'temu raya'. Phytochemical studies on Curcuma xanthorrhiza have afforded five compounds, namely a-curcumene (1), germacrone (2), zedorone (3), xanthorrhizol (4) and curcumin (5). The structures of these compounds were established using spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial tests were carried out on the crude extracts of Curcuma xanthorrhiza as well as isolated pure compounds. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed very strong cytotoxic activity against T-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia cells (CEM-SS) with IC₅₀ values of 2.8 and 3.7 µg/mL, respectively. All the extracts of Curcuma xanthorrhiza also exhibited strong and moderate activity against all the bacteria tested, while isolated compound curcumin showed moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
Key words : Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Temu lawak, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial.

Essential Oils from Rhizomes of Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe and Kaempferia rotunda L.
M.A. SUKARI*, B.K. NEOH, M. RAHMANI, ¹K. KHALID, M.N. LAJIS, Y.H. TAUFIQ-YAP and G.C.L. EE
Abstract : The essential oils of Kaempferia angustifolia and Kaempferia rotunda were obtained by hydrodistillation of the rhizomes of the plants. The constituents of the oil were identified by using GC- MS and retention indices. The oils of K. angustifolia was found to be rich in sesquiterpenoids. The major constituents were camphor (21.1%), together with borneol, borneol formate, b- Maaliene, a-guaiene, caryophyllene oxide, vellerdiol and ledol. Essential oils of K. rotunda consisted of monoterpenoids (22.5%) and sesquiiterenoids (6.8%). However the major constituent was identified as an aromatic ester, benzyl benzoate (49.8%).
Key words : Kaempferia angustifolia, Kaempferia rotunda, essential oils, Zingiberaceae.

Waste water treatment through the aquaculture
A.K. Gupta¹, Priti Pandey² and Mitali Mehrotra³
Abstract : Development and pollution are two interrelated processes that have been causing great concern to the planners with the increasing population in the country. The quality of waste water generated has been increasing beyond treatment capacities, as a result of huge quantity of waste water finds its way into natural water bodies like river, streams, canal, ponds etc. and finally into sea causing alarmingly high rate of pollution and environmental hazards. A survey and the analytical work on waste water especially sewage characteristics of a sewage fed fisheries at Varanasi were due to assess the sewage treatment capabilities of aquaculture and production potentialities of sewage. It was observed that aquaculture itself could remove BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metal, suspended solids and bacteria to the extent of 85%, 72%, 70%, 51%, 98-100%, 97% and 93% respectively at the end of its operation and thus to save the environmental pollution. Fish production observed at the rate of 4-5 t/ha/year without conventional feed and fertilizer. It is desirable to remove off flavour and bacterial load, fishes should be kept in fresh water containing marketing pond atleast for 10-15 days before sending it to market.

Qualitative analysis of modified Darlington amplifier
Satyendra Nath Tiwari, Arvind Kumar Dwivedi and Sachchida Nand Shukla
Abstract : Modification in Darlington pair amplifier is proposed by adding an extra biasing resistance R_D in the conventional circuit. This simultaneously produces high voltage gain and wide bandwidth. Proposed modification also removes the consequences of conventional Darlington pair amplifier at higher frequencies. Proposed amplifier may be useful for amplification of small signals in mid frequency range and beneficial for various analog communication applications.
Key words: Small Signal amplifiers, Darlington Amplifiers, Basic Electronic Circuits

Promotion of natural insecticide NSKE along with carbofuran in Agricultural Processes
Nainsie Karoo, Smita Joshi and Pushpa M. Rawtani
Abstract : Many insecticides are available in market. Carbofuran is one of them. Carbofuran was inhibitory to the growth and yield of soyabean and got accumulated in different parts of plant. Vegetative growth and yield of plant indicate a linear decrease. But application of Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) 10mg/l alone with Carbofuram (5mg/l) significantly reversed the inhibitory effect. NSKE possesses natural insecticide- Azadirachtin. The advantages associated with the use of NSKE are that it has a rapid knock down effect, possess low mammalian toxicity and do not persist in the environment for long.
Key words: NSKE, Inhibitory effect, Insecticide, Soyabean.

Reactions of hexabutylditin with bifunctional tridentate schiff bases
Deepika Bansal¹, Man Mohan² and R.K. Mittal^3*
Abstract : The reactions of hexabutylditin with bifunctional tri dentate Schiff bases in molar ratios of 1:2 were studied in the medium of anhydrous benzene. Complexes of the type R₃Sn-SBH (where R= -C₆H₅ and SBH is Schiff base) have been synthesized. All the reactions were not so facile and tin-tin bond was cleaved in preference to the tin -carbon bond. The resulting derivatives of tin (IV) were isolated in the form of brown or yellow solids. They are soluble in common organic solvents and are highly sensitive to the atmospheric moisture. These complexes are monomers. In these complexes, the tin atom may be in hexacoordination state and structures may be octahedral.

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